Kusanthula Mozama ndi Kuyerekeza Kugwiritsa Ntchito Njira za TAP ndi SPAN Network Traffic Data Acquisition

Mu ntchito zogwirira ntchito ndi kukonza maukonde, kuthetsa mavuto, ndi kusanthula chitetezo, kupeza bwino komanso moyenera deta ya maukonde ndiye maziko ogwirira ntchito zosiyanasiyana. Monga njira ziwiri zazikulu zopezera deta ya maukonde, TAP (Test Access Point) ndi SPAN (Switched Port Analyzer, yomwe imadziwikanso kuti port mirroring) zimagwira ntchito zofunika kwambiri m'malo osiyanasiyana chifukwa cha makhalidwe awo apadera aukadaulo. Kumvetsetsa bwino mawonekedwe awo, ubwino wawo, zofooka zawo, ndi zochitika zoyenera ndikofunikira kwambiri kwa mainjiniya a maukonde kuti apange mapulani oyenera osonkhanitsira deta ndikuwonjezera magwiridwe antchito a maukonde.

TAP: Yankho Lokwanira komanso Looneka la Kujambula Deta "Lopanda Kutayika"

TAP ndi chipangizo cha hardware chomwe chimagwira ntchito pa physical kapena data link layer. Ntchito yake yayikulu ndikukwaniritsa 100% replication ndi kujambula ma network data streams popanda kusokoneza traffic yoyambirira ya network. Mwa kulumikizidwa motsatizana mu network link (monga, pakati pa switch ndi seva, kapena rauta ndi switch), imabwereza ma data packets onse akumtunda ndi akumunsi omwe amadutsa mu ulalo kupita ku monitoring port pogwiritsa ntchito njira za "optical splitting" kapena "traffic splitting", kuti zigwiritsidwe ntchito ndi zipangizo zowunikira (monga network analyzers ndi Intrusion Detection Systems - IDS).

Zinthu Zazikulu: Zokhazikika pa "Umphumphu" ndi "Kukhazikika"

1. Kujambula Paketi ya Deta 100% Popanda Chiwopsezo Chotaya

Uwu ndiye ubwino waukulu wa TAP. Popeza TAP imagwira ntchito pa physical layer ndipo imabwereza mwachindunji zizindikiro zamagetsi kapena zowunikira mu ulalo, sidalira zinthu za CPU za switch kuti itumize kapena kubwerezabwereza deta. Chifukwa chake, mosasamala kanthu kuti kuchuluka kwa ma network kuli pamlingo wapamwamba kapena kuli ndi ma data packet akuluakulu (monga Jumbo Frames okhala ndi MTU yambiri), ma data packet onse amatha kujambulidwa kwathunthu popanda kutayika kwa paketi chifukwa cha zinthu zosakwanira zosinthira. Mbali iyi ya "lossless capture" imapangitsa kuti ikhale yankho labwino kwambiri pazochitika zomwe zimafuna chithandizo cholondola cha data (monga malo a fault root cause ndi network performance baseline analysis).

2. Palibe Chokhudza Magwiridwe Abwino a Netiweki Yoyambirira

Kagwiritsidwe ntchito ka TAP kamaonetsetsa kuti sikayambitsa kusokoneza kulikonse pa ulalo woyambirira wa netiweki. Sikusintha zomwe zili, maadiresi a komwe kumachokera/kopita, kapena nthawi ya mapaketi a data komanso simatenga bandwidth ya doko la switch, cache, kapena zinthu zoyendetsera. Ngakhale chipangizo cha TAP chokha chikalephera kugwira ntchito (monga kulephera kwa magetsi kapena kuwonongeka kwa hardware), sichidzangotulutsa deta kuchokera ku doko loyang'anira, pomwe kulumikizana kwa ulalo woyambirira wa netiweki kumakhalabe kwabwinobwino, kupewa chiopsezo cha kusokonezeka kwa netiweki chifukwa cha kulephera kwa zida zosonkhanitsira deta.

3. Chithandizo cha Ma Full-Duplex Links ndi Ma Complex Network Environments

Ma network amakono nthawi zambiri amagwiritsa ntchito njira yolumikizirana ya duplex yonse (mwachitsanzo, deta ya pamwamba ndi pansi imatha kutumizidwa nthawi imodzi). TAP imatha kujambula mitsinje ya deta mbali zonse ziwiri za ulalo wa duplex yonse ndikuyitulutsa kudzera m'madoko odziyimira pawokha, kuonetsetsa kuti chipangizo chowunikiracho chikhoza kubwezeretsa kwathunthu njira yolumikizirana ya njira ziwiri. Kuphatikiza apo, TAP imathandizira mitengo yosiyanasiyana ya ma network (monga 100M, 1G, 10G, 40G, komanso 100G) ndi mitundu ya media (twisted pair, single-mode fiber, multi-mode fiber), ndipo imatha kusinthidwa kuti igwirizane ndi malo a network okhala ndi zovuta zosiyanasiyana monga malo osungira deta, ma network apakati, ndi ma network aku campus.

Zochitika Zogwiritsira Ntchito: Kuyang'ana pa "Kusanthula Kolondola" ndi "Kuwunika Ma Key Link"

1. Kuthetsa Mavuto a Pa Intaneti ndi Malo Omwe Amayambitsa Mavutowo

Ngati mavuto monga kutayika kwa paketi, kuchedwa, kugwedezeka, kapena kuchedwa kwa mapulogalamu achitika mu netiweki, ndikofunikira kubwezeretsa momwe vutolo lidachitikira kudzera mu mtsinje wonse wa paketi ya data. Mwachitsanzo, ngati machitidwe apakati a bizinesi (monga ERP ndi CRM) akumana ndi nthawi yopuma yolowera, ogwira ntchito ndi kukonza amatha kuyika TAP pakati pa seva ndi switch yayikulu kuti agwire mapaketi onse a data obwerera, kuwunika ngati pali mavuto monga kubwezeretsanso kwa TCP, kutayika kwa paketi, kuchedwa kwa DNS resolution, kapena zolakwika za protocol ya application-layer, motero kupeza mwachangu chomwe chayambitsa vutoli (monga mavuto a ulalo, kuyankha pang'onopang'ono kwa seva, kapena zolakwika za middleware configuration).

2. Kukhazikitsa Mayendedwe a Network ndi Kuyang'anira Zosazolowereka

Mu ntchito ndi kukonza ma netiweki, kukhazikitsa maziko a magwiridwe antchito pansi pa katundu wamba wa bizinesi (monga kugwiritsa ntchito bandwidth yapakati, kuchedwa kwa kutumiza ma data packet, ndi kuchuluka kwa TCP connection) ndiye maziko owunikira zolakwika. TAP imatha kujambula deta yonse ya ma key link (monga pakati pa ma core switch ndi pakati pa ma egress routers ndi ma ISP) kwa nthawi yayitali, kuthandiza ogwira ntchito ndi okonza kuwerengera zizindikiro zosiyanasiyana za magwiridwe antchito ndikukhazikitsa chitsanzo cholondola cha baseline. Zolakwika zina zikachitika monga kuchuluka kwa magalimoto mwadzidzidzi, kuchedwa kosazolowereka, kapena zolakwika za protocol (monga zopempha zosazolowereka za ARP ndi ma ICMP packets ambiri), zolakwika zimatha kuzindikirika mwachangu poyerekeza ndi baseline, ndipo kuchitapo kanthu panthawi yake kumatha kuchitika.

3. Kuwunika Kutsatira Malamulo ndi Kuzindikira Ziwopsezo ndi Zofunikira Zachitetezo Chapamwamba

Kwa mafakitale omwe ali ndi zofunikira kwambiri pa chitetezo cha deta ndi kutsatira malamulo monga zachuma, nkhani za boma, ndi mphamvu, ndikofunikira kuchita kafukufuku wathunthu wa njira yotumizira deta yachinsinsi kapena kuzindikira molondola zoopsa zomwe zingachitike pa intaneti (monga kuukira kwa APT, kutayika kwa deta, ndi kufalitsa ma code oyipa). Mbali yogwira TAP yopanda kutayika imatsimikizira kukhulupirika ndi kulondola kwa deta yowunikira, yomwe ingakwaniritse zofunikira za malamulo ndi malamulo monga "Network Security Law" ndi "Data Security Law" yosungira ndi kuwunika deta; nthawi yomweyo, mapaketi a deta athunthu amaperekanso zitsanzo zambiri zowunikira machitidwe ozindikira zoopsa (monga IDS/IPS ndi zida za sandbox), zomwe zimathandiza kuzindikira ziwopsezo zocheperako komanso zobisika zobisika mumsewu wamba (monga ma code oyipa mumsewu wobisika ndi ziwopsezo zolowera zomwe zimabisika ngati bizinesi yanthawi zonse).

Zoletsa: Kusinthasintha pakati pa Mtengo ndi Kusinthasintha kwa Ntchito

Zofooka zazikulu za TAP zili mu mtengo wake wapamwamba wa zida zamagetsi komanso kusinthasintha kochepa kwa kuyika. Kumbali imodzi, TAP ndi chipangizo chodzipereka cha hardware, ndipo makamaka, ma TAP omwe amathandizira mitengo yapamwamba (monga 40G ndi 100G) kapena optical fiber media ndi okwera mtengo kwambiri kuposa ntchito ya SPAN yochokera ku mapulogalamu; kumbali ina, TAP iyenera kulumikizidwa motsatizana mu ulalo woyambirira wa netiweki, ndipo ulalo uyenera kusokonezedwa kwakanthawi panthawi yoyika (monga kulumikiza ndi kuchotsa zingwe za netiweki kapena ulusi wa optical). Pa maulalo ena apakati omwe salola kusokonezedwa (monga maulalo azachuma omwe amagwira ntchito maola 24 pa sabata), kuyika kumakhala kovuta, ndipo malo olowera a TAP nthawi zambiri amafunika kusungidwa pasadakhale panthawi yokonzekera netiweki.

SPAN: Yankho Lothandiza Kwambiri Komanso Losinthasintha la Kusonkhanitsa Deta la "Madoko Ambiri"

SPAN ndi ntchito ya pulogalamu yomangidwa mu ma switch (ma router ena apamwamba amathandizanso). Mfundo yake ndikusintha switch mkati kuti ibwereze magalimoto kuchokera ku ma source ports amodzi kapena angapo (Source Ports) kapena ma source VLAN kupita ku doko loyang'anira (Destination Port, lomwe limadziwikanso kuti mirror port) kuti lilandire ndikukonzedwa ndi chipangizo chowunikira. Mosiyana ndi TAP, SPAN sifunikira zida zina za hardware ndipo imatha kusonkhanitsa deta pokhapokha podalira kasinthidwe ka pulogalamu ya switch.

Zinthu Zazikulu: Zokhazikika pa "Kugwiritsa Ntchito Ndalama Moyenera" ndi "Kusinthasintha"

1. Palibe Ndalama Zowonjezera za Hardware ndi Kutumiza Kosavuta

Popeza SPAN ndi ntchito yomangidwa mu firmware yosinthira, palibe chifukwa chogulira zida zapadera za hardware. Kusonkhanitsa deta kumatha kuyatsidwa mwachangu pokhapokha pokonza kudzera mu CLI (Command Line Interface) kapena mawonekedwe oyang'anira intaneti (monga kutchula doko loyambira, doko lowunikira, ndi njira yowunikira (yolowera, yotuluka, kapena ya bidirectional)). Mbali iyi ya "zero hardware cost" imapangitsa kuti ikhale chisankho chabwino kwambiri pazochitika zomwe zili ndi bajeti yochepa kapena zosowa zowunikira kwakanthawi (monga kuyesa mapulogalamu kwakanthawi kochepa komanso kuthetsa mavuto kwakanthawi).

2. Chithandizo cha Multi-Source Port / Multi-VLAN Traffic Aggregation

Ubwino waukulu wa SPAN ndi wakuti imatha kubwerezabwereza kuchuluka kwa magalimoto kuchokera kumadoko osiyanasiyana (monga madoko ogwiritsa ntchito a ma switch angapo olowera) kapena ma VLAN angapo kupita ku doko loyang'anira limodzi nthawi imodzi. Mwachitsanzo, ngati ogwira ntchito ndi kukonza mabizinesi akufunika kuyang'anira kuchuluka kwa magalimoto a ogwira ntchito m'madipatimenti osiyanasiyana (ofanana ndi ma VLAN osiyanasiyana) omwe akugwiritsa ntchito intaneti, palibe chifukwa choyika zida zosiyana zosonkhanitsira potuluka mu VLAN iliyonse. Mwa kuphatikiza kuchuluka kwa magalimoto a ma VLAN awa ku doko limodzi loyang'anira kudzera mu SPAN, kusanthula kwapakati kumatha kuchitika, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti kusinthasintha ndi kugwira ntchito bwino kwa kusonkhanitsa deta kukhale koyenera.

3. Palibe chifukwa chosokoneza ulalo woyambirira wa netiweki

Mosiyana ndi momwe TAP imagwirira ntchito, doko loyambira ndi doko loyang'anira la SPAN ndi madoko wamba a switch. Panthawi yokonza, palibe chifukwa cholumikizira ndi kuchotsa zingwe za netiweki za ulalo woyambirira, ndipo palibe chomwe chimakhudza kutumiza kwa magalimoto oyamba. Ngakhale ngati kuli kofunikira kusintha doko loyambira kapena kuletsa ntchito ya SPAN pambuyo pake, zitha kuchitika pokhapokha mutasintha kasinthidwe kudzera mu mzere wolamula, womwe ndi wosavuta kugwiritsa ntchito ndipo susokoneza mautumiki apa netiweki.

Zochitika Zogwiritsira Ntchito: Kuyang'ana pa "Kuwunika Kotsika Mtengo" ndi "Kusanthula Kwapakati"

1. Kuwunika Khalidwe la Ogwiritsa Ntchito mu Ma Network a Campus / Ma Network a Enterprise

Mu ma network a masukulu kapena ma network amakampani, oyang'anira nthawi zambiri amafunika kuyang'anira ngati ma terminal a antchito ali ndi mwayi wolowera mosaloledwa (monga kulowa mawebusayiti osaloledwa ndi kutsitsa mapulogalamu obera) komanso ngati pali ma download ambiri a P2P kapena makanema omwe akutenga bandwidth. Mwa kuphatikiza kuchuluka kwa magalimoto a ogwiritsa ntchito a switch-layer switch kupita ku monitoring port kudzera mu SPAN, kuphatikiza ndi pulogalamu yowunikira magalimoto (monga Wireshark ndi NetFlow Analyzer), kuyang'anira nthawi yeniyeni machitidwe a ogwiritsa ntchito ndi ziwerengero za bandwidth occupation kumatha kuchitika popanda ndalama zina zowonjezera.

2. Kuthetsa Mavuto Kwakanthawi ndi Kuyesa Kugwiritsa Ntchito Kwakanthawi Kochepa

Ngati zolakwika zakanthawi kochepa komanso nthawi zina zimachitika mu netiweki, kapena ngati pakufunika kuchita mayeso a magalimoto pa pulogalamu yatsopano (monga makina amkati a OA ndi makina ochitira misonkhano yamavidiyo), SPAN ingagwiritsidwe ntchito kupanga mwachangu malo osonkhanitsira deta. Mwachitsanzo, ngati dipatimenti ikunena kuti kuyimitsa pafupipafupi pamisonkhano yamavidiyo, ogwira ntchito ndi kukonza amatha kukonza kwakanthawi SPAN kuti iwonetse kuchuluka kwa magalimoto omwe ali padoko pomwe seva yamisonkhano yamavidiyo ili padoko loyang'anira. Pofufuza kuchedwa kwa phukusi la data, kuchuluka kwa kutayika kwa phukusi, ndi kuchuluka kwa bandwidth, zitha kudziwika ngati vutolo lachitika chifukwa cha bandwidth yokwanira ya netiweki kapena kutayika kwa phukusi la data. Kuthetsa mavuto kukatha, kasinthidwe ka SPAN kakhoza kuzimitsidwa popanda kukhudza ntchito zina za netiweki.

3. Ziwerengero za Magalimoto ndi Kuwunika Kosavuta mu Ma Network Ang'onoang'ono ndi Apakatikati

Kwa ma network ang'onoang'ono ndi apakatikati (monga mabizinesi ang'onoang'ono ndi ma labotale akusukulu), ngati kufunikira kosonkhanitsa deta sikuli kwakukulu, ndipo ziwerengero zosavuta za magalimoto zokha (monga kugwiritsa ntchito bandwidth ya doko lililonse ndi kuchuluka kwa magalimoto a Top N applications) kapena kufufuza koyambira kotsatira malamulo (monga kulemba mayina a domain awebusayiti omwe ogwiritsa ntchito amawapeza) ndizofunikira, SPAN ikhoza kukwaniritsa zosowa zake mokwanira. Zinthu zake zotsika mtengo komanso zosavuta kuziyika zimapangitsa kuti ikhale chisankho chotsika mtengo pazochitika zotere.

Zolepheretsa: Zofooka mu Kukhulupirika kwa Deta ndi Zotsatira za Magwiridwe Antchito

1. Chiwopsezo cha Kutayika kwa Mapaketi a Deta ndi Kusagwira Mokwanira

Kubwerezabwereza kwa mapaketi a data ndi SPAN kumadalira CPU ndi zinthu za cache za switch. Pamene kuchuluka kwa magalimoto kuchokera ku source port kuli pamlingo wapamwamba (monga kupitirira mphamvu ya cache ya switch) kapena switch ikugwira ntchito zambiri zotumizira nthawi imodzi, CPU ipereka patsogolo kuonetsetsa kuti magalimoto oyamba atumizidwa, ndikuchepetsa kapena kuyimitsa kubwerezabwereza kwa magalimoto a SPAN, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti mapaketi atayika pa doko loyang'anira. Kuphatikiza apo, ma switch ena ali ndi zoletsa pa chiŵerengero choyerekeza cha SPAN (monga kuthandizira kubwerezabwereza kwa 80% ya magalimoto) kapena sathandizira kubwerezabwereza kwathunthu kwa mapaketi akuluakulu a data (monga Jumbo Frames). Zonsezi zimabweretsa deta yosakwanira yosonkhanitsidwa ndikukhudza kulondola kwa zotsatira zowunikira zotsatira.

2. Kugwiritsa Ntchito Zida Zosinthira ndi Zotsatira Zomwe Zingachitike pa Magwiridwe A Network

Ngakhale kuti SPAN siisokoneza mwachindunji ulalo woyambirira, pamene chiwerengero cha ma source ports chili chachikulu kapena kuchuluka kwa magalimoto, njira yobwerezabwereza ma data packets idzakhala mu CPU resources ndi internal bandwidth ya switch. Mwachitsanzo, ngati kuchuluka kwa magalimoto a ma 10G ports angapo akuwonetsedwa ku 10G monitoring port, pamene kuchuluka kwa magalimoto a ma source ports kupitirira 10G, sikuti kuwunika kokha kudzawononga paketi chifukwa cha bandwidth yosakwanira, komanso kugwiritsa ntchito CPU kwa switch kungawonjezeke kwambiri, motero kukhudza kugwira ntchito bwino kwa ma data packet transferring a ma ports ena komanso kungayambitse kuchepa kwa magwiridwe antchito onse a switch.

3. Kudalira Ntchito pa Switch Model ndi Kugwirizana Kochepa

Mlingo wothandizira ntchito ya SPAN umasiyana kwambiri pakati pa ma switch a opanga ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana. Mwachitsanzo, ma switch otsika mtengo amatha kuthandizira doko limodzi loyang'anira ndipo sathandizira VLAN mirroring kapena full-duplex traffic mirroring; ntchito ya SPAN ya ma switch ena ili ndi "one-way mirroring" (monga, mirroring inbound kapena outbound traffic yokha, ndipo singathe kuwonetsa bidirectional traffic nthawi imodzi); kuphatikiza apo, cross-switch SPAN (monga mirroring port traffic ya switch A kupita ku monitoring port ya switch B) imafunika kudalira ma protocol enaake (monga Cisco's RSPAN ndi Huawei's ERSPAN), yomwe ili ndi ma configurations ovuta komanso osagwirizana, ndipo ndi yovuta kusintha mogwirizana ndi malo osakanikirana a opanga angapo.

Kuyerekeza Kusiyana Kwakukulu ndi Malingaliro Osankha pakati pa TAP ndi SPAN

Kuyerekeza Kusiyana Kwakukulu

Kuti tisonyeze bwino kusiyana pakati pa ziwirizi, tiziyerekeza kuchokera ku miyeso ya makhalidwe aukadaulo, momwe magwiridwe antchito amakhudzira, mtengo wake, ndi zochitika zomwe zingagwiritsidwe ntchito:

Malangizo Osankha: "Kufananiza Molondola" Kutengera Zofunikira pa Zochitika

1. Zochitika Zomwe TAP Imakonda

○Kuyang'anira maulalo apakati a bizinesi (monga ma switch apakati pa data ndi maulalo a egress router), kufunikira kuonetsetsa kuti deta ikusungidwa bwino;

○Malo omwe vuto la netiweki limayambira (monga kubwezeretsanso kwa TCP ndi kuchedwa kwa mapulogalamu), zomwe zimafuna kusanthula kolondola kutengera mapaketi a data yonse;

○Makampani omwe ali ndi zofunikira zambiri zokhudzana ndi chitetezo ndi kutsata malamulo (ndalama, nkhani za boma, mphamvu), zomwe zimafuna kukwaniritsa umphumphu ndi kusasokoneza deta ya owunika;

○Malo okhala ndi maukonde apamwamba (10G ndi kupitirira apo) kapena zochitika zokhala ndi ma data packet akuluakulu, zomwe zimafuna kupewa kutayika kwa ma packet mu SPAN.

2. Zochitika Kumene SPAN Imakonda

○Ma network ang'onoang'ono ndi apakatikati omwe ali ndi bajeti yochepa, kapena zochitika zomwe zimangofuna ziwerengero zosavuta za anthu (monga kuchuluka kwa bandwidth ndi mapulogalamu apamwamba);

○Kuyesa kwakanthawi kothetsa mavuto kapena kuyesa mapulogalamu kwakanthawi kochepa (monga kuyesa kuyambitsa makina atsopano), komwe kumafuna kuyika mwachangu popanda kugwiritsa ntchito zinthu kwa nthawi yayitali;

○Kuyang'anira kwapakati pa madoko/ma VLAN ambiri (monga kuwunika khalidwe la ogwiritsa ntchito pa netiweki ya ku campus), kumafuna kusonkhanitsa magalimoto mosinthasintha;

○Kuyang'anira maulalo osakhala apakati (monga madoko ogwiritsa ntchito a ma switch olowera), okhala ndi zofunikira zochepa kuti deta igwire bwino ntchito.

3. Zochitika Zogwiritsidwa Ntchito Zosakanikirana

Mu malo ena ovuta a netiweki, njira yosakanikirana yotumizira ya "TAP + SPAN" ingagwiritsidwenso ntchito. Mwachitsanzo, ikani TAP mu maulalo oyambira a malo osungira deta kuti muwonetsetse kuti deta yonse yatengedwa kuti ithetse mavuto ndikuwunika chitetezo; sinthani SPAN mu ma switch a access-layer kapena aggregation-layer kuti muphatikize kuchuluka kwa ogwiritsa ntchito omwe afalikira kuti afufuze khalidwe lawo komanso ziwerengero za bandwidth. Izi sizimangokwaniritsa zosowa zolondola zowunikira maulalo ofunikira komanso zimachepetsa mtengo wonse wotumizira.

Chifukwa chake, monga ukadaulo waukulu wopezera deta ya netiweki, TAP ndi SPAN zilibe "ubwino kapena kuipa" konse koma "kusiyana kwa kusintha kwa zochitika". TAP imayang'ana kwambiri pa "kujambula popanda kutayika" ndi "kudalirika kokhazikika", ndipo ndi yoyenera pazochitika zazikulu zomwe zimafunikira kwambiri kuti deta ikhale yolimba komanso kukhazikika kwa netiweki, koma ili ndi mtengo wokwera komanso kusinthasintha kochepa; SPAN ili ndi ubwino wa "zopanda mtengo" ndi "kusinthasintha komanso kosavuta", ndipo ndi yoyenera pazochitika zotsika mtengo, zakanthawi, kapena zosakhala zazikulu, koma ili ndi zoopsa za kutayika kwa deta ndi zotsatira za magwiridwe antchito.

Pakugwira ntchito ndi kukonza maukonde, mainjiniya a maukonde ayenera kusankha njira yoyenera kwambiri yaukadaulo kutengera zosowa zawo zamabizinesi (monga ngati ndi ulalo wofunikira komanso ngati kusanthula kolondola kukufunika), ndalama zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pa bajeti, kukula kwa maukonde, ndi zofunikira pakutsata malamulo. Nthawi yomweyo, ndi kukweza mitengo ya maukonde (monga 25G, 100G, ndi 400G) komanso kukweza zofunikira zachitetezo cha maukonde, ukadaulo wa TAP ukukulanso nthawi zonse (monga kuthandizira kugawa magalimoto mwanzeru ndi kuphatikiza madoko ambiri), ndipo opanga ma switch akupitilizabe kukonza ntchito ya SPAN (monga kukonza cache ndikuthandizira kuwonetsa ma mirroring osatayika). M'tsogolomu, matekinoloje awiriwa adzagwira ntchito zawo m'magawo awo ndikupereka chithandizo chothandiza komanso cholondola cha deta yoyang'anira maukonde.