Kusanthula Mwakuya ndi Kufananiza Kwamagwiritsidwe kwa TAP ndi SPAN Network Traffic Data Acquisition Njira

M'malo ogwiritsira ntchito maukonde ndi kukonza, kuthetsa mavuto, ndi kusanthula chitetezo, molondola komanso moyenera kupeza ma network data mitsinje ndiye maziko ochitira ntchito zosiyanasiyana. Monga matekinoloje awiri akuluakulu opezera ma data pa netiweki, TAP (Test Access Point) ndi SPAN (Switched Port Analyzer, yomwe imatchedwanso port mirroring) imakhala ndi maudindo ofunikira pazochitika zosiyanasiyana chifukwa cha mawonekedwe awo apadera. Kumvetsetsa mozama za mawonekedwe awo, zabwino zake, zoperewera, ndi zochitika zomwe zikuyenera kuchitika ndikofunikira kuti akatswiri opanga maukonde apange mapulani oyenera osonkhanitsira deta ndikuwongolera kasamalidwe ka maukonde.

TAP: Yathunthu komanso Yowoneka "Yosataya" Data Capture Solution

TAP ndi chida cha Hardware chomwe chimagwira ntchito pagulu kapena ulalo wa data. Ntchito yake yayikulu ndikukwaniritsa kubwereza kwa 100% ndikujambula mitsinje yapaintaneti popanda kusokoneza magalimoto oyambira pa intaneti. Mwa kulumikizidwa mu mndandanda mu ulalo wa maukonde (mwachitsanzo, pakati pa chosinthira ndi seva, kapena rauta ndi chosinthira), chimatengera mapaketi onse a data kumtunda ndi kumtunda kudutsa ulalo wopita ku doko loyang'anira pogwiritsa ntchito njira za "kugawikana kwa mawonedwe" kapena "kugawanika kwapamsewu", pakukonza kotsatira ndi zida zowunikira (monga osanthula maukonde ndi ma IDS Detection Systems).

Zofunika Kwambiri: Zokhazikika pa "Kukhulupirika" ndi "Kukhazikika"

1. 100% Data Packet Capture popanda Kutaya Kuopsa

Uwu ndiye mwayi wodziwika bwino wa TAP. Popeza TAP imagwira ntchito pagawo lakuthupi ndipo imatengeranso ma siginecha amagetsi kapena owoneka mu ulalo, sidalira zida za CPU zosinthira potumiza paketi kapena kubwereza. Chifukwa chake, mosasamala kanthu kuti kuchuluka kwa ma network kuli pachimake kapena kumakhala ndi mapaketi akulu akulu akulu (monga Jumbo Frames okhala ndi mtengo waukulu wa MTU), mapaketi onse a data amatha kugwidwa popanda kutayika kwa paketi chifukwa cha zinthu zosakwanira zosinthira. "Kujambula kosataya" kumeneku kumapangitsa kuti ikhale yankho lokondedwa pazochitika zomwe zimafuna chithandizo cholondola cha data (monga malo oyambitsa zolakwika ndi kusanthula koyambira pamanetiweki).

2. Palibe Zomwe Zimakhudza Magwiridwe Oyambirira a Network

Njira yogwirira ntchito ya TAP imawonetsetsa kuti sikuyambitsa kusokoneza ulalo woyambirira wa netiweki. Sichisintha zomwe zili, magwero / kopita, kapena nthawi ya paketi ya data kapena kukhala ndi bandwidth ya doko, cache, kapena zothandizira. Ngakhale chipangizo TAP palokha malfunctions (monga kulephera mphamvu kapena kuwonongeka hardware), izo kokha chifukwa palibe linanena bungwe deta ku doko polojekiti, pamene kulankhulana kwa ulalo choyambirira maukonde amakhala yachibadwa, kupewa chiopsezo cha kusokonezedwa maukonde chifukwa cha kulephera deta kusonkhanitsa zipangizo.

3. Thandizo la Full-Duplex Links ndi Complex Network Environments

Ma network amakono nthawi zambiri amagwiritsa ntchito njira yolumikizirana ya duplex yonse (mwachitsanzo, deta ya pamwamba ndi pansi imatha kutumizidwa nthawi imodzi). TAP imatha kujambula mitsinje ya data mbali zonse ziwiri za ulalo wa duplex yonse ndikuyitulutsa kudzera m'madoko odziyimira pawokha, kuonetsetsa kuti chipangizo chowunikiracho chikhoza kubwezeretsa kwathunthu njira yolumikizirana ya njira ziwiri. Kuphatikiza apo, TAP imathandizira mitengo yosiyanasiyana ya ma network (monga 100M, 1G, 10G, 40G, komanso 100G) ndi mitundu ya media (twisted pair, single-mode fiber, multi-mode fiber), ndipo imatha kusinthidwa kuti igwirizane ndi malo a network okhala ndi zovuta zosiyanasiyana monga malo osungira deta, ma network apakati, ndi ma network aku campus.

Zochitika Zogwiritsira Ntchito: Kuyang'ana pa "Kusanthula Kolondola" ndi "Kuwunika Ma Key Link"

1. Kuthetsa Mavuto pa Network ndi Malo Oyambitsa Mizu

Mavuto ngati kutayika kwa paketi, kuchedwa, jitter, kapena kusanja kwa pulogalamu kumachitika pa netiweki, ndikofunikira kubwezeretsanso zomwe zidachitika chifukwa chapaketi yathunthu. Mwachitsanzo, ngati mabizinesi apakatikati abizinesi (monga ERP ndi CRM) amakumana ndi nthawi yofikira, ogwira ntchito ndi okonza amatha kutumiza TAP pakati pa seva ndi chosinthira chachikulu kuti ajambule mapaketi a data ozungulira, kusanthula ngati pali zovuta monga kubweza kwa TCP, kutayika kwa paketi, kuchedwa kwa DNS, kapena kugwiritsa ntchito ndikuyambitsa zolakwazo, yambitsani zolakwazo. mavuto, kuyankha pang'onopang'ono kwa seva, kapena zolakwika za kasinthidwe kapakati).

2. Network Performance Baseline Kukhazikitsidwa ndi Anomaly Monitoring

Pogwira ntchito ndi kukonza ma netiweki, kukhazikitsa maziko ogwirira ntchito pansi pazambiri zamabizinesi wamba (monga kugwiritsa ntchito bandwidth, kuchedwa kutumiza paketi ya data, komanso kuchuluka kwa kukhazikitsidwa kwa kulumikizana kwa TCP) ndiye maziko owunikira zolakwika. TAP imatha kujambula mokhazikika zidziwitso zonse zamalumikizidwe ofunikira (monga pakati pa masiwichi oyambira ndi pakati pa ma egress routers ndi ma ISPs) kwa nthawi yayitali, kuthandiza ogwira ntchito ndi osamalira kuwerengera zizindikiro zosiyanasiyana zogwirira ntchito ndikukhazikitsa chitsanzo cholondola choyambira. Pamene zovuta zotsatila monga kuwonjezereka kwadzidzidzi, kuchedwa kwachilendo, kapena zolakwika za protocol (monga zopempha za ARP zosazolowereka ndi mapaketi ambiri a ICMP) zimachitika, zosokoneza zimatha kuzindikirika mwamsanga poyerekezera ndi zoyambira, ndipo kulowererapo panthawi yake kungatheke.

3. Kuwunika Kutsata ndi Kuzindikira Zowopsa ndi Zofunikira Zachitetezo Chapamwamba

Kwa mafakitale omwe ali ndi zofunikira kwambiri pa chitetezo cha deta ndi kutsatira malamulo monga zachuma, nkhani za boma, ndi mphamvu, ndikofunikira kuchita kafukufuku wathunthu wa njira yotumizira deta yachinsinsi kapena kuzindikira molondola zoopsa zomwe zingachitike pa intaneti (monga kuukira kwa APT, kutayika kwa deta, ndi kufalitsa ma code oyipa). Mbali yogwira TAP yopanda kutayika imatsimikizira kukhulupirika ndi kulondola kwa deta yowunikira, yomwe ingakwaniritse zofunikira za malamulo ndi malamulo monga "Network Security Law" ndi "Data Security Law" yosungira ndi kuwunika deta; nthawi yomweyo, mapaketi a deta athunthu amaperekanso zitsanzo zambiri zowunikira machitidwe ozindikira zoopsa (monga IDS/IPS ndi zida za sandbox), zomwe zimathandiza kuzindikira ziwopsezo zocheperako komanso zobisika zobisika mumsewu wamba (monga ma code oyipa mumsewu wobisika ndi ziwopsezo zolowera zomwe zimabisika ngati bizinesi yanthawi zonse).

Zolepheretsa: Kusinthanitsa pakati pa Mtengo ndi Kusinthasintha kwa Kutumiza

Zofooka zazikulu za TAP zili mu mtengo wake wapamwamba wa zida zamagetsi komanso kusinthasintha kochepa kwa kuyika. Kumbali imodzi, TAP ndi chipangizo chodzipereka cha hardware, ndipo makamaka, ma TAP omwe amathandizira mitengo yapamwamba (monga 40G ndi 100G) kapena optical fiber media ndi okwera mtengo kwambiri kuposa ntchito ya SPAN yochokera ku mapulogalamu; kumbali ina, TAP iyenera kulumikizidwa motsatizana mu ulalo woyambirira wa netiweki, ndipo ulalo uyenera kusokonezedwa kwakanthawi panthawi yoyika (monga kulumikiza ndi kuchotsa zingwe za netiweki kapena ulusi wa optical). Pa maulalo ena apakati omwe salola kusokonezedwa (monga maulalo azachuma omwe amagwira ntchito maola 24 pa sabata), kuyika kumakhala kovuta, ndipo malo olowera a TAP nthawi zambiri amafunika kusungidwa pasadakhale panthawi yokonzekera netiweki.

SPAN: Njira Yophatikizira Yotsika mtengo komanso Yosinthika ya "Multi-Port" Data Aggregation

SPAN ndi ntchito yamapulogalamu opangidwa mu masiwichi (ma router ena apamwamba amathandiziranso). Mfundo yake ndikusintha kusintha kwamkati kuti kubwereze magalimoto kuchokera ku madoko amodzi kapena angapo (Source Ports) kapena gwero la VLAN kupita ku doko loyang'anira (Destination Port, lomwe limadziwikanso kuti doko lagalasi) kuti alandire ndi kukonzedwa ndi chipangizo chowunikira. Mosiyana ndi TAP, SPAN sifunikira zida zowonjezera za Hardware ndipo imatha kuzindikira kusonkhanitsa deta kokha podalira kasinthidwe ka pulogalamu yosinthira.

Zinthu Zazikulu: Zokhazikika pa "Kugwiritsa Ntchito Ndalama Moyenera" ndi "Kusinthasintha"

1. Zero Zowonjezera Mtengo wa Hardware ndi Kutumiza Kwabwino

Popeza SPAN ndi ntchito yomangidwa mu firmware yosinthira, palibe chifukwa chogulira zida zapadera za hardware. Kusonkhanitsa deta kumatha kuyatsidwa mwachangu pokhapokha pokonza kudzera mu CLI (Command Line Interface) kapena mawonekedwe oyang'anira intaneti (monga kutchula doko loyambira, doko lowunikira, ndi njira yowunikira (yolowera, yotuluka, kapena ya bidirectional)). Mbali iyi ya "zero hardware cost" imapangitsa kuti ikhale chisankho chabwino kwambiri pazochitika zomwe zili ndi bajeti yochepa kapena zosowa zowunikira kwakanthawi (monga kuyesa mapulogalamu kwakanthawi kochepa komanso kuthetsa mavuto kwakanthawi).

2. Thandizo la Multi-Source Port / Multi-VLAN Traffic Aggregation

Ubwino waukulu wa SPAN ndi wakuti imatha kubwerezabwereza kuchuluka kwa magalimoto kuchokera kumadoko osiyanasiyana (monga madoko ogwiritsa ntchito a ma switch angapo olowera) kapena ma VLAN angapo kupita ku doko loyang'anira limodzi nthawi imodzi. Mwachitsanzo, ngati ogwira ntchito ndi kukonza mabizinesi akufunika kuyang'anira kuchuluka kwa magalimoto a ogwira ntchito m'madipatimenti osiyanasiyana (ofanana ndi ma VLAN osiyanasiyana) omwe akugwiritsa ntchito intaneti, palibe chifukwa choyika zida zosiyana zosonkhanitsira potuluka mu VLAN iliyonse. Mwa kuphatikiza kuchuluka kwa magalimoto a ma VLAN awa ku doko limodzi loyang'anira kudzera mu SPAN, kusanthula kwapakati kumatha kuchitika, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti kusinthasintha ndi kugwira ntchito bwino kwa kusonkhanitsa deta kukhale koyenera.

3. Palibe Chifukwa Chosokoneza Ulalo Woyambirira wa Network

Mosiyana ndi kutumizidwa kwa TAP, poyambira komanso doko loyang'anira la SPAN ndi madoko wamba a switch. Panthawi yokonzekera, palibe chifukwa cholumikizira ndi kutulutsa zingwe zapaintaneti za ulalo woyambirira, ndipo palibe chokhudza kufalikira kwa magalimoto oyambira. Ngakhale kuli kofunikira kusintha doko loyambira kapena kuletsa ntchito ya SPAN pambuyo pake, zitha kuchitika mwakusintha kasinthidwe kudzera pamzere wolamula, womwe ndi wosavuta kugwiritsa ntchito komanso wopanda zosokoneza ndi mautumiki apaintaneti.

Zochitika Zogwiritsira Ntchito: Kuyang'ana pa "Low-Cost Monitoring" ndi "Centralized Analysis"

1. Kuyang'anira Khalidwe la Ogwiritsa Ntchito mu Campus Networks / Enterprise Networks

Mu ma netiweki am'kalasi kapena mabizinesi, olamulira nthawi zambiri amafunikira kuyang'anira ngati malo ogwirira ntchito ali ndi mwayi wolowera (monga kupeza mawebusayiti osaloledwa ndi kutsitsa mapulogalamu oponderezedwa) komanso ngati pali zotsitsa zambiri za P2P kapena makanema amakanema omwe amakhala pa bandwidth. Mwa kuphatikizira kuchuluka kwa madoko osinthira olowera padoko loyang'anira kudzera mu SPAN, kuphatikiza ndi pulogalamu yowunikira magalimoto (monga Wireshark ndi NetFlow Analyzer), kuwunika kwenikweni kwa machitidwe a ogwiritsa ntchito komanso ziwerengero za kuchuluka kwa bandwidth kumatha kuchitika popanda ndalama zowonjezera za hardware.

2. Kuthetsa Mavuto Kwakanthawi ndi Kuyesa Kwakanthawi kochepa

Pamene zolakwika zosakhalitsa komanso zapanthawi zina zimachitika pamaneti, kapena pakufunika kuyesa kuyesa kwa magalimoto pamapulogalamu omwe angotumizidwa kumene (monga dongosolo lamkati la OA ndi makina ochitira msonkhano wamavidiyo), SPAN ingagwiritsidwe ntchito pomanga mwachangu malo osonkhanitsira deta. Mwachitsanzo, ngati dipatimenti ikunena za kuzizira pafupipafupi pamisonkhano yamakanema, ogwira ntchito ndi kukonza amatha kukonza kwakanthawi SPAN kuti iwonetsere kuchuluka kwa magalimoto padoko pomwe seva ya msonkhano wamavidiyo ili padoko loyang'anira. Powunika kuchedwa kwa paketi ya data, kutayika kwa paketi, komanso kugwira ntchito kwa bandwidth, zitha kudziwa ngati cholakwikacho chimayambitsidwa ndi kusakwanira kwa bandwidth kapena kutayika kwa paketi ya data. Kuthetsa kukamalizidwa, kasinthidwe ka SPAN akhoza kuyimitsidwa popanda kukhudza ntchito zapaintaneti.

3. Ziwerengero Zamsewu ndi Kufufuza Kosavuta mu Maukonde Ang'onoang'ono ndi Apakati

Kwa maukonde ang'onoang'ono ndi apakatikati (monga mabizinesi ang'onoang'ono ndi ma laboratories apasukulu), ngati kufunikira kwa kukhulupirika kwa deta sikuli kwakukulu, komanso ziwerengero zosavuta zokha zamagalimoto (monga kugwiritsa ntchito bandiwifi ya doko lililonse ndi kuchuluka kwa magalimoto pamapulogalamu apamwamba a Top N) kapena kuwunika koyenera (monga kujambula mayina awebusayiti omwe amafikira ogwiritsa ntchito) ndikofunikira, SPAN imatha kukwaniritsa zosowa. Mawonekedwe ake otsika mtengo komanso osavuta kugwiritsa ntchito amapanga chisankho chopanda mtengo pazochitika zoterezi.

Zolepheretsa: Zofooka mu Kukhulupirika kwa Deta ndi Zotsatira za Magwiridwe Antchito

1. Kuopsa kwa Paketi ya Data Kutayika ndi Kujambula Kosakwanira

Kubwereza kwa mapaketi a data ndi SPAN kumadalira CPU ndi cache zothandizira zosinthira. Pamene kuchuluka kwa doko la gwero kuli pachimake (monga kupitilira posungira) kapena kusinthaku kukukonza ntchito zambiri zotumizira nthawi imodzi, CPU idzapereka patsogolo kuonetsetsa kutumizidwa kwa magalimoto oyambilira, ndikuchepetsa kapena kuyimitsa kubwereza kwa magalimoto a SPAN, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti paketi iwonongeke padoko loyang'anira. Kuphatikiza apo, ma switch ena ali ndi zoletsa pamlingo wowonera magalasi a SPAN (monga kuthandizira kubwereza kwa 80% ya magalimoto) kapena samathandizira kubwereza kwathunthu kwa mapaketi akulu akulu a data (monga Jumbo Frames). Zonsezi zidzatsogolera ku deta yosonkhanitsidwa yosakwanira komanso zimakhudza kulondola kwa zotsatira zowunikira zotsatira.

2. Kugwiritsa Ntchito Zosintha Zosintha ndi Zomwe Zingatheke pa Magwiridwe a Network

Ngakhale SPAN sichimasokoneza mwachindunji ulalo woyambirira, pomwe kuchuluka kwa madoko oyambira kuli kwakukulu kapena kuchuluka kwa magalimoto kuli kolemetsa, njira yobwereza paketi ya data ikhala ndi zida za CPU ndi bandwidth yamkati ya switch. Mwachitsanzo, ngati kuchuluka kwa ma doko a 10G kumawonetsedwa pa doko loyang'anira 10G, pomwe kuchuluka kwa magalimoto kumapitilira 10G, sikuti doko loyang'anira limangowonongeka chifukwa chakusakwanira kwa bandiwifi, koma kugwiritsa ntchito kwa CPU kwa switch kumathanso kukulirakulira, motero kukhudza kuyendetsa bwino kwa paketi ya data kumadoko ena komanso kupangitsa kuti kusinthaku kukhale kocheperako.

3. Ntchito Kudalira pa Kusintha Model ndi Limited Compatibility

Mulingo wa chithandizo cha ntchito ya SPAN umasiyana kwambiri pakati pa masinthidwe a opanga ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana. Mwachitsanzo, masiwichi otsika amatha kuthandizira doko limodzi loyang'anira ndipo samathandizira magalasi a VLAN kapena magalasi amtundu wamtundu uliwonse; ntchito ya SPAN ya masiwichi ena ili ndi chiletso cha "kuyang'ana njira imodzi" (ie, kungoyang'ana magalimoto olowera kapena otuluka, ndipo sangathe kuwonetsa kuchuluka kwa magalimoto nthawi imodzi); komanso, cross-switch SPAN (monga mirroring doko magalimoto a lophimba A ku doko polojekiti ya lophimba B) ayenera kudalira ndondomeko yeniyeni (monga Cisco a RSPAN ndi Huawei a ERSPAN), amene ali kasinthidwe zovuta ndi ngakhale otsika, ndipo n'zovuta kuti azolowere chilengedwe cha maukonde osakanikirana opanga angapo.

Kusiyana Kwakukulu Kufananiza ndi Zosankha Zosankha pakati pa TAP ndi SPAN

Kufananiza Kosiyana Kwambiri

Kuti tiwonetse bwino kusiyana pakati pa ziwirizi, timaziyerekeza kuchokera ku miyeso ya luso lamakono, momwe kagwiritsidwira ntchito, mtengo, ndi zochitika zoyenera:

Malangizo Osankha: "Kufananiza Molondola" Kutengera Zofunikira pa Zochitika

1. Zochitika Zomwe TAP Imakonda

○Kuyang'anira maulalo apakati a bizinesi (monga ma switch apakati pa data ndi maulalo a egress router), kufunikira kuonetsetsa kuti deta ikusungidwa bwino;

○Malo omwe amayambitsa vuto la netiweki (monga kubwezanso kwa TCP ndi kusanja kwa ntchito), kumafuna kusanthula kolondola kutengera mapaketi athunthu a data;

○Mafakitale omwe ali ndi chitetezo chokwanira komanso kutsata zofunikira (zachuma, zochitika za boma, mphamvu), zomwe zimafuna kukwaniritsa umphumphu komanso kusasokoneza deta ya kafukufuku;

○Ma network apamwamba kwambiri (10G ndi kupitilira apo) kapena zochitika zokhala ndi mapaketi akulu akulu, zomwe zimafuna kupewa kutayika kwa paketi mu SPAN.

2. Zochitika Zomwe SPAN Imakonda

○Maukonde ang'onoang'ono ndi apakatikati okhala ndi ndalama zochepa, kapena zochitika zomwe zimangofuna ziwerengero zosavuta zamagalimoto (monga bandwidth occupation ndi Top applications);

○Kuthetsa mavuto kwakanthawi kapena kuyesa kwakanthawi kochepa (monga kuyesa kukhazikitsidwa kwa dongosolo latsopano), kumafuna kutumizidwa mwachangu popanda kugwiritsa ntchito nthawi yayitali;

○Kuyang'anira pakati pa madoko ambiri / ma VLAN angapo (monga kuwunika kwa ogwiritsa ntchito pa intaneti), kumafuna kuphatikizika kosinthika kwa magalimoto;

○Kuyang'anira maulalo osakhala apakati (monga ma doko osinthira olowera), okhala ndi zofunikira zochepa pakujambula kwa data.

3. Zogwiritsa Ntchito Zophatikiza

M'malo ena ovuta a netiweki, njira yophatikizira yosakanizidwa ya "TAP + SPAN" ingatengedwenso. Mwachitsanzo, tumizani TAP pamalumikizidwe apakati a data center kuti mutsimikize kujambulidwa kwa voliyumu yonse kuti muthe kuthana ndi zovuta ndikuwunika chitetezo; sinthani SPAN mu masiwichi ofikira-wosanjikiza kapena kuphatikiza-osanjikiza kuti muphatikize kuchuluka kwa anthu omwe ali amwazikana kuti muunike machitidwe ndi ziwerengero za bandwidth. Izi sizimangokwaniritsa zofunikira zowunikira zowunikira zazikulu komanso zimachepetsa mtengo wonse wotumizira.

Chifukwa chake, monga matekinoloje awiri apakatikati pakupeza ma data pa netiweki, TAP ndi SPAN alibe "zabwino kapena zoyipa" mtheradi koma "zosiyana pazosintha". TAP imayang'ana pa "kugwidwa kopanda kutaya" ndi "kudalirika kokhazikika", ndipo ndi koyenera pazochitika zazikulu zomwe zili ndi zofunikira zazikulu za kukhulupirika kwa deta ndi kukhazikika kwa intaneti, koma zimakhala ndi mtengo wapamwamba komanso kusinthasintha kwa kutumizira; SPAN ili ndi maubwino a "ziro mtengo" ndi "kusinthasintha ndi kusavuta", ndipo ndiyoyenera pazochitika zotsika mtengo, zosakhalitsa, kapena zosafunikira, koma ili ndi ziwopsezo za kutayika kwa data ndi kukhudza magwiridwe antchito.

Pakugwira ntchito ndi kukonza maukonde, mainjiniya a maukonde ayenera kusankha njira yoyenera kwambiri yaukadaulo kutengera zosowa zawo zamabizinesi (monga ngati ndi ulalo wofunikira komanso ngati kusanthula kolondola kukufunika), ndalama zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pa bajeti, kukula kwa maukonde, ndi zofunikira pakutsata malamulo. Nthawi yomweyo, ndi kukweza mitengo ya maukonde (monga 25G, 100G, ndi 400G) komanso kukweza zofunikira zachitetezo cha maukonde, ukadaulo wa TAP ukukulanso nthawi zonse (monga kuthandizira kugawa magalimoto mwanzeru ndi kuphatikiza madoko ambiri), ndipo opanga ma switch akupitilizabe kukonza ntchito ya SPAN (monga kukonza cache ndikuthandizira kuwonetsa ma mirroring osatayika). M'tsogolomu, matekinoloje awiriwa adzagwira ntchito zawo m'magawo awo ndikupereka chithandizo chothandiza komanso cholondola cha deta yoyang'anira maukonde.