Mu kapangidwe ka ma network amakono, VLAN (Virtual Local Area Network) ndi VXLAN (Virtual Extended Local Area Network) ndi njira ziwiri zodziwika bwino zopezera ma network. Zingawoneke zofanana, koma kwenikweni pali kusiyana kwakukulu.
VLAN (Network ya Malo Omwe Ali Pafupipafupi)
VLAN ndi chidule cha Virtual Local Area Network (Virtual local area network). Ndi njira yomwe imagawa zida zakuthupi mu LAN m'ma subnet angapo malinga ndi ubale wa logical. VLAN imakonzedwa pa ma switch a netiweki kuti igawane zida za netiweki m'magulu osiyanasiyana a logical. Ngakhale kuti zidazi zitha kukhala m'malo osiyanasiyana, VLAN imawalola kuti akhale m'gulu lomwelo, zomwe zimathandiza kuti aziyang'anira mosavuta komanso azidzipatula.
Mfundo yaikulu ya ukadaulo wa VLAN ili m'kugawa ma switch ports. Ma switch amayendetsa magalimoto kutengera VLAN ID (VLAN identifier). Ma VLAN id amayambira pa 1 mpaka 4095 ndipo nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi manambala 12 a binary (monga, range kuyambira 0 mpaka 4095), zomwe zikutanthauza kuti switch imodzi imatha kuthandizira ma VLan 4,096.
Kayendedwe ka ntchito
○ Kuzindikira VLAN: Pamene paketi ilowa mu switch, switch imasankha VLAN yomwe paketi iyenera kutumizidwa kutengera chidziwitso cha VLAN chomwe chili mu paketi. Nthawi zambiri, protocol ya IEEE 802.1Q imagwiritsidwa ntchito kuyika chizindikiro pa chimango cha data cha VLAN.
○ VLAN Broadcast Domain: VLAN iliyonse ndi domain yodziyimira payokha youlutsira mawu. Ngakhale ma VLan angapo ali pa switch imodzi, mauthenga awo amasiyana, zomwe zimachepetsa kuchuluka kwa mauthenga osafunikira.
○ Kutumiza Deta: Siwichi imatumiza phukusi la deta ku doko lofanana malinga ndi ma tag osiyanasiyana a VLAN. Ngati zipangizo pakati pa ma VLan osiyanasiyana zikufunika kulumikizana, ziyenera kutumizidwa kudzera mu zipangizo za layer 3, monga ma rauta.
Tiyerekeze kuti muli ndi kampani yokhala ndi madipatimenti angapo, iliyonse imagwiritsa ntchito VLAN yosiyana. Ndi switch iyi, mutha kugawa zida zonse mu dipatimenti yazachuma kukhala VLAN 10, zomwe zili mu dipatimenti yogulitsa kukhala VLAN 20, ndi zomwe zili mu dipatimenti yaukadaulo kukhala VLAN 30. Mwanjira imeneyi, netiweki pakati pa madipatimenti imalekanitsidwa kwathunthu.
Ubwino
○ Chitetezo Chokwera: VLAN imatha kuletsa kulowa kosaloledwa pakati pa ma VLan osiyanasiyana mwa kugawa mautumiki osiyanasiyana m'maukonde osiyanasiyana.
○ Kuyang'anira Mayendedwe a Paintaneti: Mwa kugawa ma VLan, mphepo zamkuntho zitha kupewedwa ndipo netiwekiyo ikhoza kukhala yothandiza kwambiri. Mapaketi ofalitsa adzangofalitsidwa mkati mwa VLAN, zomwe zimachepetsa kugwiritsa ntchito bandwidth.
○ Kusinthasintha kwa Netiweki: VLAN imatha kugawa netiweki mosinthasintha malinga ndi zosowa za bizinesi. Mwachitsanzo, zida zomwe zili mu dipatimenti yazachuma zitha kuperekedwa ku VLAN yomweyo ngakhale zili pamalo osiyana.
Zoletsa
○ Kusasinthika Kochepa: Popeza ma VLan amadalira ma switch achikhalidwe ndikuthandizira mpaka ma VLan 4096, izi zitha kukhala vuto lalikulu pa ma netiweki akuluakulu kapena malo akuluakulu ogwiritsira ntchito intaneti.
○ Vuto la Kulumikizana ndi Ma domain osiyanasiyana: VLAN ndi netiweki yakomweko, kulumikizana kwa VLAN kuyenera kuchitika kudzera mu switch kapena rauta ya magawo atatu, zomwe zingawonjezere zovuta za netiweki.
Chitsanzo cha Ntchito
○ Kudzipatula ndi Chitetezo mu Maukonde a Mabizinesi: Ma VLan amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri mu maukonde amakampani, makamaka m'mabungwe akuluakulu kapena m'malo osiyanasiyana. Chitetezo ndi kuwongolera mwayi wopeza maukonde kungatsimikizidwe mwa kugawa madipatimenti osiyanasiyana kapena machitidwe abizinesi kudzera mu VLAN. Mwachitsanzo, dipatimenti yazachuma nthawi zambiri imakhala mu VLAN yosiyana ndi dipatimenti ya R&D kuti ipewe mwayi wosaloledwa.
○ Chepetsani Mphepo Yamkuntho: VLAN imathandiza kuchepetsa kuchuluka kwa anthu omwe amaulutsa. Nthawi zambiri, mapaketi oulutsa amaulutsidwa pa netiweki yonse, koma m'malo a VLAN, kuchuluka kwa anthu omwe amaulutsa kumaulutsidwa mkati mwa VLAN yokha, zomwe zimachepetsa bwino kuchuluka kwa anthu omwe amaulutsidwa chifukwa cha mphepo yamkuntho.
○ Network Yaing'ono Kapena Yapakatikati: Kwa mabizinesi ena ang'onoang'ono ndi apakatikati, VLAN imapereka njira yosavuta komanso yothandiza yopangira netiweki yodzipatula, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti kasamalidwe ka netiweki kakhale kosinthasintha.
VXLAN (Network Yowonjezera Yadera Lapafupi)
VXLAN (Virtual Extensible LAN) ndi ukadaulo watsopano womwe wapangidwa kuti uthetse zofooka za VLAN yachikhalidwe m'malo akuluakulu osungira deta komanso malo ogwiritsira ntchito ma virtualization. Imagwiritsa ntchito ukadaulo wa encapsulation kusamutsa mapaketi a data a layer 2 (L2) kudzera mu netiweki ya Layer 3 (L3) yomwe ilipo, yomwe imadutsa malire a scalability a VLAN.
Kudzera mu ukadaulo wa tunneling ndi njira yolumikizira deta, VXLAN "imaphimba" mapaketi oyambira a data a layer 2 mu mapaketi a data a IP a layer 3, kuti mapaketi a data athe kutumizidwa mu netiweki ya IP yomwe ilipo. Pakati pa VXLAN pali njira yake yolumikizira deta ndi yolumikizira deta, ndiko kuti, chimango cha data cha L2 chachikhalidwe chimalumikizidwa ndi protocol ya UDP ndikutumizidwa kudzera mu netiweki ya IP.
Kayendedwe ka ntchito
○ Kuyika Ma Header a VXLAN: Pakugwiritsa ntchito VXLAN, paketi iliyonse ya layer 2 idzayikidwa ngati paketi ya UDP. Kuyika ma VXLAN kumaphatikizapo: VXLAN network identifier (VNI), UDP header, IP header ndi zina zambiri.
○ Tunnel Terminal (VTEP): VXLAN imagwiritsa ntchito ukadaulo wolumikizira ma tunnel ndipo mapaketi amaikidwa mkati mwa zida ziwiri za VTEP. VTEP, VXLAN Tunnel Endpoint, ndi mlatho wolumikiza VLAN ndi VXLAN. VTEP imayika mapaketi a L2 omwe alandiridwa ngati mapaketi a VXLAN ndikutumiza ku VTEP komwe akupita, komwe kumachotsa mapaketi omwe aikidwa mkati mwa mapaketi oyambilira a L2.
○ Njira Yotsekera VXLAN: Pambuyo polumikiza mutu wa VXLAN ku paketi yoyambirira ya data, paketi ya data idzatumizidwa ku VTEP yopitako kudzera pa netiweki ya IP. Destination VTEP imaduladula paketiyo ndikuyitumiza kwa wolandila woyenera kutengera zambiri za VNI.
Ubwino
○ Yosinthika: VXLAN imathandizira ma Virtual Networks (VNI) okwana 16 miliyoni, kuposa ma identifiers a VLAN a 4096, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti ikhale yoyenera malo akuluakulu osungira deta komanso malo okhala ndi mitambo.
○ Chithandizo cha Malo Olumikizirana ndi Deta: VXLAN imatha kukulitsa netiweki yolumikizirana pakati pa malo osiyanasiyana olumikizirana ndi deta m'malo osiyanasiyana, kuswa malire a VLAN yachikhalidwe, ndipo ndiyoyenera malo amakono owerengera mitambo ndi ma virtualization.
○ Chepetsani Network ya Data Center: Kudzera mu VXLAN, zipangizo zamagetsi kuchokera kwa opanga osiyanasiyana zimatha kugwiritsidwa ntchito limodzi, kuthandizira malo okhala anthu ambiri, komanso kupangitsa kuti mapangidwe a netiweki akhale osavuta.
Zoletsa
○ Kuvuta Kwambiri: Kapangidwe ka VXLAN ndi kovuta kwambiri, komwe kumaphatikizapo kuyikapo kwa ngalande, kasinthidwe ka VTEP, ndi zina zotero, zomwe zimafuna thandizo lowonjezera laukadaulo ndipo zimawonjezera zovuta zogwirira ntchito ndi kukonza.
○ Kuchedwa kwa Network: Chifukwa cha kukonza kwina komwe kumafunikira pa ndondomeko yotsekera ndi kuchotsa deta, VXLAN ikhoza kuyambitsa kuchedwa kwa network, ngakhale kuti kuchedwa kumeneku nthawi zambiri kumakhala kochepa, koma kumafunikabe kudziwika m'malo ovuta kwambiri.
Chiwonetsero cha Ntchito ya VXLAN
○ Kusanthula kwa Network ya Data Center: VXLAN imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri m'malo akuluakulu osungira deta. Ma seva omwe ali m'malo osungira deta nthawi zambiri amagwiritsa ntchito ukadaulo wa virtualization, VXLAN ingathandize kupanga netiweki yeniyeni pakati pa ma seva osiyanasiyana, kupewa kuletsa kukula kwa VLAN.
○ Malo Okhala ndi Anthu Ambiri Okhala ndi Mitambo: Mu mtambo wa anthu onse kapena wachinsinsi, VXLAN imatha kupereka netiweki yodziyimira payokha kwa wobwereka aliyense ndikuzindikira netiweki yodziwika bwino ya wobwereka aliyense kudzera mu VNI. Mbali iyi ya VXLAN ndi yoyenera kwambiri pa makompyuta amakono a mtambo komanso malo okhala ndi anthu ambiri.
○ Kukulitsa Ma Network Across Data Centers: VXLAN ndi yoyenera kwambiri pazochitika zomwe ma network enieni amafunika kutumizidwa m'malo osiyanasiyana a data kapena malo. Chifukwa VXLAN imagwiritsa ntchito ma network a IP polemba deta, imatha kufalikira mosavuta m'malo osiyanasiyana a data ndi malo a geographical kuti ikwaniritse kukula kwa ma network enieni padziko lonse lapansi.
VLAN vs VxLAN
VLAN ndi VXLAN zonse ndi ukadaulo wa netiweki, koma ndizoyenera kugwiritsa ntchito njira zosiyanasiyana. VLAN ndi yoyenera malo ang'onoang'ono kapena apakatikati a netiweki, ndipo imatha kupereka chitetezo ndi kusiyanitsa ma netiweki. Mphamvu yake ili mu kuphweka kwake, kusinthasintha kwake, komanso chithandizo chake chachikulu.
VXLAN ndi ukadaulo wopangidwa kuti ugwirizane ndi kufunikira kwa kukulitsa ma netiweki akuluakulu m'malo amakono osungira deta komanso m'malo osungira deta pa intaneti. Mphamvu ya VXLAN ili m'kuthekera kwake kuthandizira ma netiweki mamiliyoni ambiri, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti ikhale yoyenera kugwiritsa ntchito ma netiweki okhazikika m'malo osiyanasiyana osungira deta. Imadutsa malire a VLAN pakufalikira, ndipo ndiyoyenera kupanga ma netiweki ovuta kwambiri.
Ngakhale dzina la VXLAN likuoneka ngati njira yowonjezera ya VLAN, kwenikweni, VXLAN yakhala yosiyana kwambiri ndi VLAN chifukwa cha kuthekera kwake komanga ma tunnel enieni. Kusiyana kwakukulu pakati pawo ndi motere:
Mbali | VLAN | VXLAN |
|---|---|---|
| Muyezo | IEEE 802.1Q | RFC 7348 (IETF) |
| Gawo | Gawo 2 (Ulalo wa Deta) | Gawo 2 pamwamba pa Gawo 3 (L2oL3) |
| Kuphimba | Mutu wa Ethernet wa 802.1Q | MAC-in-UDP (yosungidwa mu IP) |
| Kukula kwa ID | Ma VLAN a 12-bit (0-4095) | Ma bit 24 (ma VNI 16.7 miliyoni) |
| Kuchuluka kwa kukula | Zochepa (4094 VLAN zogwiritsidwa ntchito) | Yokwezeka kwambiri (imathandizira mitambo ya anthu ambiri) |
| Kusamalira Kuwulutsa | Kusefukira kwa madzi kwachikhalidwe (mkati mwa VLAN) | Imagwiritsa ntchito ma IP multicast kapena head-end replication |
| Pamwamba | Chotsika (chizindikiro cha VLAN cha mabayiti 4) | Wapamwamba (~50 bytes: UDP + IP + VXLAN headers) |
| Kupatula Magalimoto | Inde (pa VLAN) | Inde (pa VNI) |
| Kuyendetsa ngalande | Palibe ngalande (L2 yathyathyathya) | Imagwiritsa ntchito VTEPs (Mapeto a VXLAN Tunnel) |
| Makesi Ogwiritsira Ntchito | Ma LAN ang'onoang'ono/apakatikati, maukonde amakampani | Malo osungira deta a mitambo, SDN, VMware NSX, Cisco ACI |
| Kudalira Mtengo Wozungulira (STP) | Inde (kuti tipewe kuzungulira) | Ayi (imagwiritsa ntchito njira ya Layer 3, imapewa mavuto a STP) |
| Thandizo la Zida | Imathandizidwa pa ma switch onse | Imafuna ma switch/NICs (kapena mapulogalamu a VTEP) omwe amatha kugwiritsidwa ntchito ndi VXLAN |
| Thandizo la Kuyenda | Zochepa (mkati mwa gawo lomwelo la L2) | Bwino (ma VM amatha kusuntha kudzera m'ma subnet) |
Kodi Mylinking™ Network Packet Broker angachite chiyani pa Network Virtual Technology?
VLAN Yolembedwa, VLAN Yosatchulidwa, VLAN Yasinthidwa:
Inathandizira kufananiza kwa gawo lililonse la kiyi mu ma byte 128 oyamba a paketi. Wogwiritsa ntchito amatha kusintha mtengo wa offset ndi kutalika kwa gawo la kiyi ndi zomwe zili, ndikusankha mfundo zotulutsira magalimoto malinga ndi kasinthidwe ka wogwiritsa ntchito.
Kutsegula kwa Ngalande:
Inathandizira mutu wa VxLAN, VLAN, GRE, GTP, MPLS, IPIP womwe unachotsedwa mu phukusi loyambirira la data ndikutumiza zotsatira.
Kuzindikiritsa Njira Yoyendetsera Tunneling
Chothandizidwacho chimazindikira chokha njira zosiyanasiyana zoyendetsera ngalande monga GTP / GRE / PPTP / L2TP / PPPOE/IPIP. Malinga ndi kasinthidwe ka ogwiritsa ntchito, njira yotulutsira magalimoto ingagwiritsidwe ntchito malinga ndi gawo lamkati kapena lakunja la ngalandeyo.
Mutha kuwona apa kuti mudziwe zambiri zokhudzana ndi iziWogulitsa Mapaketi a Pakompyuta.
Nthawi yotumizira: Juni-25-2025
