M'mapangidwe amakono a maukonde, VLAN (Virtual Local Area Network) ndi VXLAN (Virtual Extended Local Area Network) ndi njira ziwiri zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pa intaneti. Zitha kuwoneka zofanana, koma pali kusiyana kwakukulu kwakukulu.
VLAN (Virtual Local Area Network)
VLAN ndi chidule cha Virtual Local Area Network (Virtual local area network). Ndi njira yomwe imagawanitsa zida zakuthupi mu LAN kukhala ma subnet angapo molingana ndi maubwenzi omveka. VLAN imakhazikitsidwa pa masiwichi a netiweki kuti agawane zida zapaintaneti m'magulu osiyanasiyana omveka. Ngakhale zida izi zitha kukhala m'malo osiyanasiyana, VLAN imawathandiza kuti akhale amtundu womwewo, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti aziwongolera komanso kudzipatula.
Pakatikati paukadaulo wa VLAN wagona pakugawikana kwa ma switch ports. Masiwichi amawongolera kuchuluka kwa magalimoto potengera ID ya VLAN (VLAN identifier). Ma ID a VLAN amachokera pa 1 mpaka 4095 ndipo nthawi zambiri amakhala manambala a binary 12 (mwachitsanzo, kuyambira 0 mpaka 4095), zomwe zikutanthauza kuti switch imatha kuthandizira mpaka 4,096 VLans.
Kayendedwe kantchito
○ Chizindikiritso cha VLAN: Paketi ikalowa pa switch, chosinthiracho chimasankha kuti paketi ya VLAN itumizidwe pati malinga ndi chidziwitso cha ID ya VLAN mu paketi. Nthawi zambiri, protocol ya IEEE 802.1Q imagwiritsidwa ntchito kuyika chizindikiro cha VLAN.
○ VLAN Broadcast Domain: VLAN iliyonse ndi dera lodziyimira pawokha. Ngakhale ma VLans angapo ali panjira yofanana, mawayilesi awo amakhala otalikirana, kuchepetsa kuchuluka kwa magalimoto osafunikira.
○ Kutumiza Kwa data: Kusinthaku kumatumiza paketi ya data kudoko lolingana ndi ma tag a VLAN osiyanasiyana. Ngati zida pakati pa VLans zosiyanasiyana ziyenera kulumikizana, ziyenera kutumizidwa kudzera pazida zosanjikiza 3, monga ma routers.
Tiyerekeze kuti muli ndi kampani yokhala ndi madipatimenti angapo, iliyonse yomwe imagwiritsa ntchito VLAN yosiyana. Ndi chosinthira, mutha kugawa zida zonse mu dipatimenti yazachuma ku VLAN 10, zomwe zili mu dipatimenti yogulitsa ku VLAN 20, ndi zomwe zili mu dipatimenti yaukadaulo ku VLAN 30. Mwanjira iyi, maukonde pakati pa madipatimenti ali okhaokha.
Ubwino wake
○ Chitetezo Chotsogola: VLAN imatha kuteteza mwayi wosaloleka pakati pa ma VLans osiyanasiyana pogawa mautumiki osiyanasiyana mumanetiweki osiyanasiyana.
○ Network Traffic Management: Popereka ma VLans, mphepo yamkuntho imatha kupewedwa ndipo netiweki imatha kuchita bwino. Mapaketi owulutsa adzangofalitsidwa mkati mwa VLAN, kuchepetsa kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa bandwidth.
○ Network Flexibility: VLAN imatha kugawa maukonde mosiyanasiyana malinga ndi zosowa zabizinesi. Mwachitsanzo, zida mu dipatimenti yazachuma zitha kuperekedwa ku VLAN yomweyo, ngakhale zitakhala pazigawo zosiyanasiyana.
Zolepheretsa
○ Kuchuluka Kwambiri: Monga ma VLans amadalira masiwichi achikhalidwe ndikuthandizira mpaka 4096 VLans, izi zitha kukhala zolepheretsa ma netiweki akulu kapena malo owoneka bwino.
○ Vuto Lolumikizana ndi Madera Ambiri: VLAN ndi netiweki yapafupi, kulumikizana kwapa VLAN kuyenera kuchitika kudzera pa masinthidwe atatu osanjikiza kapena rauta, zomwe zitha kuwonjezera zovuta za netiweki.
Ntchito Scenario
○ Kudzipatula ndi Chitetezo mu Ma Network Networks: Ma VLans amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri m'mabizinesi, makamaka m'mabungwe akulu kapena m'malo osiyanasiyana. Chitetezo ndi kuwongolera ma netiweki zitha kutsimikiziridwa ndikugawa madipatimenti osiyanasiyana kapena machitidwe abizinesi kudzera mu VLAN. Mwachitsanzo, dipatimenti yazachuma nthawi zambiri imakhala mu VLAN yosiyana kuchokera ku dipatimenti ya R&D kupeŵa mwayi wosaloledwa.
○ Chepetsani Mkuntho: VLAN imathandizira kuchepetsa kuchuluka kwa magalimoto. Nthawi zambiri, mapaketi owulutsa adzafalikira pa netiweki yonse, koma m'malo a VLAN, magalimoto owulutsa adzangofalikira mkati mwa VLAN, zomwe zimachepetsa bwino zolemetsa zapaintaneti zomwe zimayambitsidwa ndi mvula yamkuntho.
○ Netiweki Yam'dera Laling'ono Kapena Lapakatikati: Kwa mabizinesi ang'onoang'ono ndi apakatikati, VLAN imapereka njira yosavuta komanso yothandiza yopangira netiweki yodzipatula, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti kasamalidwe ka netiweki akhale osinthika.
VXLAN (Virtual Extended Local Area Network)
VXLAN (Virtual Extensible LAN) ndi teknoloji yatsopano yomwe ikufunsidwa kuti ithetse malire a VLAN yachikhalidwe m'malo akuluakulu a data ndi chilengedwe. Imagwiritsa ntchito ukadaulo wa encapsulation kusamutsa mapaketi a data osanjikiza 2 (L2) kudzera pa netiweki ya Layer 3 (L3), yomwe imadutsa malire a VLAN.
Kudzera tunneling luso ndi encapsulation limagwirira, VXLAN "wraps" choyambirira wosanjikiza 2 mapaketi deta mu wosanjikiza 3 IP deta mapaketi, kuti mapaketi deta akhoza opatsirana mu maukonde alipo IP. Pachimake cha VXLAN chagona mu njira yake yotsekera komanso yosasinthika, ndiye kuti, mawonekedwe amtundu wa L2 amalumikizidwa ndi protocol ya UDP ndikufalikira kudzera pa intaneti ya IP.
Kayendedwe kantchito
○ VXLAN Header Encapsulation: Pokhazikitsa VXLAN, paketi iliyonse ya 2 idzasungidwa ngati paketi ya UDP. Kuyika kwa VXLAN kumaphatikizapo: VXLAN network identifier (VNI), mutu wa UDP, mutu wa IP ndi zina zambiri.
○ Tunnel Terminal (VTEP) : VXLAN imagwiritsa ntchito ukadaulo wa tunneling ndipo mapaketi amakutidwa komanso osasunthika kudzera pazida ziwiri za VTEP. VTEP, VXLAN Tunnel Endpoint, ndiye mlatho wolumikiza VLAN ndi VXLAN. VTEP imayika mapaketi a L2 omwe adalandira ngati mapaketi a VXLAN ndikuwatumiza ku VTEP komwe akupita, komwe kumatulutsa mapaketi omwe adasungidwa m'mapaketi oyambilira a L2.
○ Encapsulation Process of VXLAN: Mukaphatikiza mutu wa VXLAN ku paketi yoyambirira ya data, paketi ya data itumizidwa komwe ikupita VTEP kudzera pa netiweki ya IP. Kopita VTEP imadula paketi ndikuitumiza kwa wolandila wolondola kutengera chidziwitso cha VNI.
Ubwino wake
○ Scalable: VXLAN imathandizira mpaka 16 miliyoni virtual Networks (VNI), kuposa zozindikiritsa za VLAN's 4096, zomwe zimapangitsa kukhala koyenera malo akuluakulu a data ndi malo omwe ali mumtambo.
○ Cross-data Center Support: VXLAN imatha kukulitsa netiweki pakati pa ma data angapo m'malo osiyanasiyana, kuswa malire a VLAN yachikhalidwe, ndipo ndiyoyenera malo amakono apakompyuta ndi makina owonera.
○ Netiweki Yosavuta ya Data Center: Kudzera mu VXLAN, zida za Hardware zochokera kwa opanga osiyanasiyana zimatha kugwirizanirana, kuthandizira malo okhala anthu ambiri, ndi kufewetsa makonzedwe a netiweki a malo akulu akulu a data.
Zolepheretsa
○ Kuvuta Kwambiri: Kusintha kwa VXLAN ndizovuta, kuphatikizira kutsekeka kwa tunnel, kasinthidwe ka VTEP, ndi zina zotero, zomwe zimafuna chithandizo chaukadaulo chowonjezera ndikuwonjezera zovuta zogwirira ntchito ndi kukonza.
○ Netiweki Latency: Chifukwa cha kukonzanso kowonjezera komwe kumafunikira pakusunga ndi kusapangana, VXLAN ikhoza kuyambitsa kuchedwa kwa netiweki, ngakhale kuchedwa kumeneku kumakhala kochepa, komabe kumafunika kuzindikirika m'malo ofunikira kwambiri.
VXLAN Application Scenario
○ Data Center Network Virtualization: VXLAN imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri m'malo akuluakulu a data. Ma seva mu data center nthawi zambiri amagwiritsa ntchito ukadaulo wa virtualization, VXLAN imatha kuthandizira kupanga maukonde pakati pa ma seva osiyanasiyana akuthupi, kupewa malire a VLAN mu scalability.
○ Malo a Mitambo Yambiri: Pamtambo wapagulu kapena wachinsinsi, VXLAN imatha kupereka netiweki yodziyimira payokha kwa wobwereka aliyense ndikuzindikira netiweki ya lendi aliyense ndi VNI. Mbali iyi ya VXLAN ndiyoyenera kugwiritsa ntchito makina amakono amtambo komanso malo okhala ndi anthu ambiri.
○ Network Scaling Across Data Centers: VXLAN ndiyoyenera makamaka pazomwe ma netiweki akuyenera kutumizidwa m'malo osiyanasiyana a data kapena madera. Chifukwa VXLAN imagwiritsa ntchito ma netiweki a IP kuti ipangitse encapsulation, imatha kufalikira mosavuta malo osiyanasiyana a data ndi malo omwe amakhala kuti ikwaniritse kufalikira kwapadziko lonse lapansi.
VLAN vs VxLAN
VLAN ndi VXLAN onse ndi matekinoloje ogwiritsira ntchito maukonde, koma ndi oyenera zochitika zosiyanasiyana zogwiritsira ntchito. VLAN ndiyoyenera malo ang'onoang'ono kapena apakatikati pamaneti, ndipo imatha kupereka kudzipatula kwapaintaneti komanso chitetezo. Mphamvu yake ili mu kuphweka kwake, kumasuka kwa kasinthidwe, ndi chithandizo chachikulu.
VXLAN ndi ukadaulo wopangidwa kuti ugwirizane ndi kufunikira kokulirakulira kwa maukonde m'malo amakono a data ndi madera a cloud computing. Mphamvu ya VXLAN yagona pakutha kwake kuthandizira mamiliyoni a maukonde pafupifupi, ndikupangitsa kuti ikhale yoyenera kutumizira ma netiweki owoneka bwino pama data. Imadutsa malire a VLAN mu scalability, ndipo ndiyoyenera kupanga ma network ovuta kwambiri.
Ngakhale kuti dzina la VXLAN likuwoneka ngati njira yowonjezera ya VLAN, kwenikweni, VXLAN yakhala yosiyana kwambiri ndi VLAN chifukwa cha luso lake lopanga ma tunnel. Kusiyana kwakukulu pakati pawo ndi motere:
Mbali | Zithunzi za VLAN | Chithunzi cha VXLAN |
|---|---|---|
| Standard | IEEE 802.1Q | RFC 7348 (IETF) |
| Gulu | Layer 2 (Data Link) | Layer 2 pamwamba pa Layer 3 (L2oL3) |
| Encapsulation | 802.1Q Ethernet chamutu | MAC-mu-UDP (yotsekedwa mu IP) |
| ID Kukula | 12-bit (0-4095 VLANs) | 24-bit (16.7 miliyoni VNIs) |
| Scalability | Zochepa (4094 ma VLAN ogwiritsidwa ntchito) | Zowonongeka kwambiri (zimathandizira mitambo yamitundu yambiri) |
| Kusamalira Broadcast | Madzi osefukira (mkati mwa VLAN) | Imagwiritsa ntchito IP multicast kapena kubwereza-kumapeto |
| Pamwamba | Pansi (4-byte VLAN tag) | Pamwamba (~ 50 mabayiti: UDP + IP + VXLAN mitu) |
| Kudzipatula kwa Magalimoto | Inde (pa VLAN) | Inde (pa VNI) |
| Tunneling | Palibe tunnel (yosanja L2) | Amagwiritsa ntchito VTEPs (VXLAN Tunnel Endpoints) |
| Gwiritsani Ntchito Milandu | Ma LAN ang'onoang'ono / apakatikati, ma network abizinesi | Cloud data centers, SDN, VMware NSX, Cisco ACI |
| Kudalira kwa Mtengo Wotambasula (STP). | Inde (kuteteza malupu) | Ayi (imagwiritsa ntchito njira ya Layer 3, imapewa zovuta za STP) |
| Thandizo la Hardware | Imathandizidwa ndi masiwichi onse | Pamafunika VXLAN-wokhoza masiwichi/NICs (kapena mapulogalamu VTEPs) |
| Thandizo Loyenda | Zochepa (mkati mwa domain L2 yomweyo) | Bwino (ma VM amatha kusuntha ma subnets) |
Kodi Mylinking™ Network Packet Broker angatani pa Network Virtual Technology?
VLAN Tagged, VLAN Yosadziwika, VLAN Yasinthidwa:
Inathandizira kufananitsa kwa gawo lililonse lofunikira mu ma byte 128 oyamba a paketi. Wogwiritsa ntchito amatha kusintha mtengo wamtengo wapatali ndi kutalika kwa gawo lofunikira ndi zomwe zili, ndikuzindikira ndondomeko yoyendetsera magalimoto malinga ndi kasinthidwe ka wosuta.
Tunnel Encapsulation Stripping:
Inathandizira VxLAN, VLAN, GRE, GTP, MPLS, IPIP mutu wovulidwa mu paketi yoyambirira ya data ndikutumiza zotuluka.
Tunneling Protocol Identification
Imathandizira kuzindikira ma protocol osiyanasiyana monga GTP / GRE / PPTP / L2TP / PPPOE/IPIP. Malinga ndi kasinthidwe ka wogwiritsa ntchito, njira yotulutsa magalimoto imatha kukhazikitsidwa molingana ndi gawo lamkati kapena lakunja la ngalandeyo.
Mutha kuyang'ana apa kuti mudziwe zambiri zokhudzana ndi iziNetwork Packet Broker.
Nthawi yotumiza: Jun-25-2025
