Pofuna kukwaniritsa zosowa za mautumiki a cloud, netiwekiyi imagawidwa pang'onopang'ono m'magulu a Underlay ndi Overlay. Netiweki ya Underlay ndi zida zakuthupi monga kuyendetsa ndi kusinthana mu malo osungira deta achikhalidwe, omwe akadali okhulupirira mu lingaliro la kukhazikika ndipo amapereka mphamvu zodalirika zotumizira deta ya netiweki. Overlay ndi netiweki yamalonda yomwe ili mkati mwake, pafupi ndiutumiki, kudzera mu VXLAN kapena GRE protocol encapsulation, kuti ipatse ogwiritsa ntchito mautumiki a netiweki osavuta kugwiritsa ntchito. Netiweki ya Underlay ndi netiweki ya Ooverlay ndizogwirizana komanso zolumikizana, ndipo zimagwirizana ndipo zimatha kusintha zokha.
Netiweki ya Underlay ndiye maziko a netiweki. Ngati netiweki ya underlay ndi yosakhazikika, palibe SLA ya bizinesiyo. Pambuyo pa kapangidwe ka netiweki ka magawo atatu ndi kapangidwe ka netiweki ya Fat-Tree, kapangidwe ka netiweki ya data center kakusintha kukhala kapangidwe ka Spine-Leaf, komwe kunayambitsa kugwiritsa ntchito kwachitatu kwa chitsanzo cha netiweki ya CLOS.
Malo Osungirako Deta Achikhalidwe Kapangidwe ka Network
Kapangidwe ka Zigawo Zitatu
Kuyambira mu 2004 mpaka 2007, kapangidwe ka netiweki ya magawo atatu kanali kotchuka kwambiri m'malo osungira deta. Kali ndi magawo atatu: gawo lapakati (msana wosinthira mwachangu wa netiweki), gawo lophatikizana (lomwe limapereka kulumikizana kozikidwa pa mfundo), ndi gawo lofikira (lomwe limalumikiza malo ogwirira ntchito ku netiweki). Chitsanzocho ndi ichi:
Kapangidwe ka Network ka Zigawo Zitatu
Core Layer: Ma core switch amapereka kutumiza mapaketi mwachangu kwambiri mkati ndi kunja kwa data center, kulumikizana ndi zigawo zingapo zosonkhanitsira, komanso netiweki yolimba ya L3 routing yomwe nthawi zambiri imatumikira netiweki yonse.
Gulu Lophatikiza: Chosinthira chophatikiza chimalumikizana ndi chosinthira cholowera ndipo chimapereka ntchito zina, monga firewall, SSL offload, kuzindikira kulowerera, kusanthula maukonde, ndi zina zotero.
Chigawo Cholowera: Ma switch olowera nthawi zambiri amakhala pamwamba pa Rack, kotero amatchedwanso ma switch a ToR (Top of Rack), ndipo amalumikizana ndi ma seva.
Kawirikawiri, chosinthira chophatikiza ndi malo olekanitsira pakati pa maukonde a L2 ndi L3: netiweki ya L2 ili pansi pa chosinthira chophatikiza, ndipo netiweki ya L3 ili pamwamba. Gulu lililonse la maswiti ophatikiza limayang'anira Point Of Delivery (POD), ndipo POD iliyonse ndi netiweki yodziyimira payokha ya VLAN.
Ndondomeko ya Network Loop ndi Spanning Tree
Kupangidwa kwa ma loops kumachitika makamaka chifukwa cha chisokonezo chomwe chimabwera chifukwa cha njira zosamveka bwino zopitira. Ogwiritsa ntchito akamamanga ma network, kuti atsimikizire kudalirika, nthawi zambiri amagwiritsa ntchito zida zosafunikira komanso maulalo osafunikira, kotero kuti ma loops amapangidwa mosalephera. Netiweki ya gawo lachiwiri ili mu gawo lomwelo la kuwulutsa, ndipo mapaketi owulutsa adzatumizidwa mobwerezabwereza mu loop, ndikupanga mphepo yamkuntho yowulutsa, yomwe ingayambitse kutsekeka kwa madoko ndi kufooka kwa zida nthawi yomweyo. Chifukwa chake, kuti tipewe mphepo yamkuntho yowulutsa, ndikofunikira kupewa kupangika kwa ma loops.
Pofuna kupewa mapangidwe a ma loops ndikuwonetsetsa kuti kudalirika, ndizotheka kusintha zida zosafunikira ndi maulalo osafunikira kukhala zida zosungira ndi maulalo osungira. Izi zikutanthauza kuti, madoko ndi maulalo osafunikira a chipangizo amatsekedwa nthawi zonse ndipo satenga nawo mbali pakutumiza ma phukusi a data. Pokhapokha chipangizo chotumizira, doko, ulalo walephera, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti netiweki ikhale yodzaza, madoko ndi maulalo osafunikira atsegulidwa, kuti netiweki ibwezeretsedwe bwino. Kulamulira kumeneku kumachitika ndi Spanning Tree Protocol (STP).
Ndondomeko ya mtengo wotambalala imagwira ntchito pakati pa gawo lolowera ndi gawo lolowera, ndipo pachimake pake pali njira yolumikizira mtengo wotambalala yomwe ikuyenda pa mlatho uliwonse wolumikizidwa ndi STP, womwe wapangidwa makamaka kuti usatseke ma bloki ngati pali njira zina zosafunikira. STP imasankha njira yabwino kwambiri yotumizira mauthenga ndipo imaletsa maulalo omwe si mbali ya mtengo wotambalala, ndikusiya njira imodzi yokha yogwira ntchito pakati pa ma node awiri a netiweki ndipo ulalo winawo udzatsekedwa.
STP ili ndi maubwino ambiri: ndi yosavuta, yolumikizira ndi kusewera, ndipo imafuna kasinthidwe kochepa kwambiri. Makina omwe ali mkati mwa pod iliyonse ndi a VLAN yomweyo, kotero seva imatha kusamutsa malowo mwachisawawa mkati mwa pod popanda kusintha adilesi ya IP ndi chipata.
Komabe, njira zoyendetsera zinthu zofanana sizingagwiritsidwe ntchito ndi STP, zomwe nthawi zonse zimaletsa njira zosafunikira mkati mwa VLAN.
1. Kulumikizana pang'onopang'ono kwa topology. Pamene topology ya netiweki isintha, njira yolumikizira mtengo imatenga masekondi 50-52 kuti amalize kulumikizana kwa topology.
2, sizingapereke ntchito yolinganiza katundu. Ngati pali kuzungulira mu netiweki, protocol ya mtengo wozungulira imangoletsa kuzungulira, kotero kuti ulalowo sungatumize mapaketi a data, ndikuwononga zinthu za netiweki.
Kusintha kwa Magalimoto ndi Mavuto a Magalimoto a Kum'mawa ndi Kumadzulo
Pambuyo pa chaka cha 2010, pofuna kukonza kagwiritsidwe ntchito ka makompyuta ndi zinthu zosungira, malo osungira deta anayamba kugwiritsa ntchito ukadaulo wa virtualization, ndipo makina ambiri a virtual anayamba kuonekera mu netiweki. Ukadaulo wa virtual umasintha seva kukhala ma seva ambiri olondola, VM iliyonse imatha kugwira ntchito yokha, ili ndi OS yake, APP, adilesi yake ya MAC yodziyimira payokha ndi adilesi ya IP, ndipo amalumikizana ndi chinthu chakunja kudzera mu virtual switch (vSwitch) mkati mwa seva.
Kusintha kwa ma Virtualization kuli ndi chosowa china: kusamutsa makina enieni, kuthekera kosuntha makina enieni kuchokera pa seva imodzi kupita ku ina pamene akugwira ntchito bwino pa makina enieni. Njirayi siikhudza ogwiritsa ntchito, oyang'anira amatha kugawa zinthu za seva mosavuta, kapena kukonza ndikusintha ma seva enieni popanda kusokoneza kagwiritsidwe ntchito kabwino ka ogwiritsa ntchito.
Pofuna kuonetsetsa kuti ntchitoyo siisokonezedwa panthawi yosamukira, ndikofunikira kuti adilesi ya IP ya makina ogwiritsira ntchito pa intaneti isasinthe, komanso momwe makina ogwiritsira ntchito pa intaneti (monga momwe TCP imakhalira) ayenera kugwiritsidwira ntchito panthawi yosamukira, kotero kusamuka kwa makina ogwiritsira ntchito pa intaneti kungachitike kokha mu gawo lomwelo la gawo lachiwiri, koma osati kudutsa gawo lachiwiri la kusamuka. Izi zimapangitsa kuti pakhale kufunika kwa ma domain akuluakulu a L2 kuchokera pa gawo lolowera kupita ku gawo lapakati.
Malo olekanitsa pakati pa L2 ndi L3 mu kapangidwe ka network yayikulu ya layer 2 ali pa core switch, ndipo malo osungira deta pansi pa core switch ndi malo ofalitsa onse, ndiko kuti, netiweki ya L2. Mwanjira imeneyi, imatha kuzindikira kusinthasintha kwa kuyika kwa chipangizo ndi kusamutsa malo, ndipo sikuyenera kusintha kasinthidwe ka IP ndi gateway. Ma network osiyanasiyana a L2 (VLans) amayendetsedwa kudzera mu ma core switch. Komabe, core switch pansi pa kapangidwe kameneka ikufunika kusunga tebulo lalikulu la MAC ndi ARP, lomwe limapereka zofunikira zapamwamba pa kuthekera kwa core switch. Kuphatikiza apo, Access Switch (TOR) imaletsanso kukula kwa netiweki yonse. Izi pamapeto pake zimachepetsa kukula kwa netiweki, kukulitsa netiweki ndi kuthekera kotambasuka, vuto la kuchedwa kudutsa magawo atatu a nthawi, silingakwaniritse zosowa za bizinesi yamtsogolo.
Kumbali inayi, kuchuluka kwa magalimoto ochokera kummawa kupita kumadzulo komwe kumabwera chifukwa cha ukadaulo wa virtualization kumabweretsanso zovuta pa netiweki yachikhalidwe ya magawo atatu. Kuchuluka kwa magalimoto ochokera ku malo osungira deta kumatha kugawidwa m'magulu otsatirawa:
Magalimoto ochokera kumpoto mpaka kum'mwera:Kuyenda pakati pa makasitomala omwe ali kunja kwa malo osungira deta ndi seva ya malo osungira deta, kapena kuyenda kuchokera ku seva ya malo osungira deta kupita ku intaneti.
Magalimoto ochokera kum'mawa kupita kumadzulo:Kuyenda pakati pa ma seva mkati mwa malo osungira deta, komanso kuyenda pakati pa malo osiyanasiyana osungira deta, monga kubwezeretsa masoka pakati pa malo osungira deta, kulankhulana pakati pa mitambo yachinsinsi ndi ya anthu onse.
Kuyambitsidwa kwa ukadaulo wa virtualization kumapangitsa kuti kufalikira kwa mapulogalamu kukhale kofala kwambiri, ndipo "zotsatira zake" ndikuti kuchuluka kwa anthu ochokera kummawa kupita kumadzulo kukuwonjezeka.
Mapangidwe achikhalidwe a magawo atatu nthawi zambiri amapangidwa kuti azitha kuyenda kumpoto ndi kum'mwera.Ngakhale kuti ingagwiritsidwe ntchito pa magalimoto ochokera kummawa kupita kumadzulo, pamapeto pake ingalephere kugwira ntchito momwe ikufunira.
Kapangidwe kachikhalidwe ka magawo atatu motsutsana ndi kapangidwe ka Spine-Leaf
Mu kapangidwe ka magawo atatu, magalimoto ochokera kummawa kupita kumadzulo ayenera kutumizidwa kudzera mu zipangizo zomwe zili mu aggregation ndi core layers. Kudutsa mosafunikira m'ma nodes ambiri. (Seva -> Access -> Aggregation -> Core Switch -> Aggregation -> Access Switch -> Server)
Chifukwa chake, ngati kuchuluka kwa magalimoto ochokera kummawa kupita kumadzulo kumayendetsedwa kudzera mu kapangidwe ka netiweki yachikhalidwe ya magawo atatu, zida zolumikizidwa ku doko losinthira lomwelo zitha kupikisana ndi bandwidth, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti ogwiritsa ntchito asamayankhe bwino.
Zoyipa za kapangidwe ka maukonde achikhalidwe a magawo atatu
Zikuoneka kuti kapangidwe ka netiweki yachikhalidwe ya magawo atatu kali ndi zofooka zambiri:
Zinyalala za bandwidth:Pofuna kupewa kuzungulira, protocol ya STP nthawi zambiri imayendetsedwa pakati pa gawo lophatikizana ndi gawo lofikira, kotero kuti ulalo umodzi wokha wa switch yofikira umanyamula anthu ambiri, ndipo maulalo enawo adzatsekedwa, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti bandwidth iwonongeke.
Kuvuta pakuyika netiweki yayikulu:Pamene maukonde akukulirakulira, malo osungira deta amagawidwa m'malo osiyanasiyana, makina enieni ayenera kupangidwa ndikusamutsidwa kulikonse, ndipo mawonekedwe awo a maukonde monga ma adilesi a IP ndi zipata sizisintha, zomwe zimafuna thandizo la Fat Layer 2. Mu kapangidwe kachikhalidwe, palibe kusamuka komwe kungachitike.
Kusowa kwa magalimoto ochokera kum'mawa kupita kumadzulo:Kapangidwe ka netiweki ya magawo atatu kamapangidwira makamaka magalimoto aku North-South, ngakhale kuti kamathandizanso magalimoto akum'mawa-kumadzulo, koma zofooka zake n'zoonekeratu. Pamene magalimoto akum'mawa-kumadzulo ali ambiri, kuthamanga kwa ma switch a aggregation layer ndi core layer kudzawonjezeka kwambiri, ndipo kukula ndi magwiridwe antchito a netiweki zidzakhala zochepa pa aggregation layer ndi core layer.
Izi zimapangitsa mabizinesi kugwa mu vuto la mtengo ndi kukula:Kuthandizira maukonde akuluakulu ogwira ntchito bwino kumafuna zida zambiri zolumikizirana ndi zigawo zazikulu, zomwe sizimangobweretsa ndalama zambiri kumabizinesi, komanso zimafuna kuti netiwekiyo ikonzedwe pasadakhale pomanga netiwekiyo. Pamene kukula kwa netiweki kuli kochepa, kungayambitse kuwononga zinthu, ndipo pamene kukula kwa netiweki kukupitirira kukula, zimakhala zovuta kukula.
Kapangidwe ka Netiweki ya Msana ndi Masamba
Kodi kapangidwe ka netiweki ya Spine-Leaf ndi kotani?
Poyankha mavuto omwe ali pamwambapa,Kapangidwe katsopano ka malo osungira deta, kapangidwe ka netiweki ya Spine-Leaf, kaonekera, komwe timatcha netiweki ya ridge ya masamba.
Monga momwe dzinalo likusonyezera, kapangidwe kake kali ndi gawo la Spine ndi Leaf, kuphatikizapo kusintha kwa spine ndi kusintha kwa leaf.
Kapangidwe ka Msana ndi Masamba
Chosinthira chilichonse cha tsamba chimalumikizidwa ku ma switch onse a m'mphepete mwa nyanja, omwe salumikizidwa mwachindunji, ndikupanga topology ya ma mesh onse.
Mu msana ndi tsamba, kulumikizana kuchokera ku Seva imodzi kupita ku ina kumadutsa mu zida zomwezo (Server -> Leaf -> Spine Switch -> Leaf Switch -> Server), zomwe zimatsimikizira kuchedwa kodziwikiratu. Chifukwa paketi imangofunika kudutsa msana umodzi ndi tsamba lina kuti ifike komwe ikupita.
Kodi Spine-Leaf imagwira ntchito bwanji?
Leaf Switch: Ndi yofanana ndi access switch mu kapangidwe kachikhalidwe ka magawo atatu ndipo imalumikizana mwachindunji ndi seva yeniyeni monga TOR (Top Of Rack). Kusiyana ndi access switch ndikuti malo olekanitsira maukonde a L2/L3 tsopano ali pa Leaf switch. Leaf switch ili pamwamba pa netiweki ya magawo atatu, ndipo Leaf switch ili pansi pa L2 broadcast domain yodziyimira payokha, zomwe zimathetsa vuto la BUM la netiweki yayikulu ya magawo awiri. Ngati ma seva awiri a Leaf akufunika kulumikizana, ayenera kugwiritsa ntchito njira ya L3 ndikuyitumiza kudzera pa Spine switch.
Kusintha kwa Msana: Kofanana ndi kusintha kwa core. ECMP (Equal Cost Multi Path) imagwiritsidwa ntchito posankha njira zingapo pakati pa kusintha kwa Spine ndi Leaf. Kusiyana kwake ndikuti Spine tsopano imangopereka netiweki yolimba ya L3 yolumikizira switch ya Leaf, kotero magalimoto ochokera kumpoto mpaka kum'mwera kwa data center amatha kuyendetsedwa kuchokera ku kusintha kwa Spine m'malo molunjika. Magalimoto ochokera kumpoto mpaka kum'mwera amatha kuyendetsedwa kuchokera ku kusintha kwa m'mphepete molingana ndi kusintha kwa Leaf kupita ku rauta ya WAN.
Kuyerekeza pakati pa kapangidwe ka netiweki ya Spine/Leaf ndi kapangidwe ka netiweki yachikhalidwe ya magawo atatu
Ubwino wa Msana ndi Leaf
Lathyathyathya:Kapangidwe kabwino kamafupikitsa njira yolumikizirana pakati pa ma seva, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pakhale kuchedwa kochepa, komwe kungathandize kwambiri magwiridwe antchito ndi ntchito.
Kufalikira kwabwino:Ngati bandwidth si yokwanira, kuwonjezera chiwerengero cha ma switch a ridge kumatha kukulitsa bandwidth molunjika. Pamene chiwerengero cha ma seva chikukwera, titha kuwonjezera ma switch a leaf ngati kuchuluka kwa ma port sikukwanira.
Kuchepetsa mtengo: Magalimoto opita kumpoto ndi kum'mwera, kaya akutuluka m'magawo a masamba kapena akutuluka m'magawo a mapiri. Kuyenda kwa madzi kuchokera kum'mawa kupita kumadzulo, kumagawidwa m'njira zingapo. Mwanjira imeneyi, netiweki ya mapiri a masamba ingagwiritse ntchito ma switch okhazikika popanda kufunikira ma switch okwera mtengo, kenako kuchepetsa mtengo.
Kupewa Kuchedwa Kochepa ndi Kupewa Kuchulukana kwa Madzi:Deta yomwe ikuyenda mu netiweki ya Leaf ridge imakhala ndi kuchuluka kofanana kwa ma hops pa netiweki yonse mosasamala kanthu za komwe ikuchokera komanso komwe ikupita, ndipo ma seva awiri aliwonse ndi Leaf - >Spine - >Leaf atatu-hops omwe angathe kufikiridwa kuchokera kwa wina ndi mnzake. Izi zimakhazikitsa njira yolunjika yoyendera, yomwe imawongolera magwiridwe antchito ndikuchepetsa zovuta.
Chitetezo Chapamwamba ndi Kupezeka Kwake:Njira ya STP imagwiritsidwa ntchito mu kapangidwe ka netiweki ka magawo atatu, ndipo chipangizo chikalephera, chimabwereranso, zomwe zimakhudza magwiridwe antchito a netiweki kapena kulephera. Mu kapangidwe ka leaf-ridge, chipangizo chikalephera, sipafunika kubwereranso, ndipo magalimoto amapitilira kudutsa m'njira zina zachizolowezi. Kulumikizana kwa netiweki sikukhudzidwa, ndipo bandwidth imachepetsedwa ndi njira imodzi yokha, popanda zotsatira zochepa pakugwira ntchito.
Kulinganiza katundu kudzera mu ECMP ndikoyenera kwambiri m'malo omwe mapulatifomu oyang'anira maukonde monga SDN amagwiritsidwa ntchito. SDN imalola kuti makonzedwe, kasamalidwe ndi kubwezeretsanso magalimoto ngati pakhala kutsekedwa kapena kulephera kwa ulalo, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti topology yanzeru yolinganiza katundu yonse ikhale njira yosavuta yokhazikitsira ndikuwongolera.
Komabe, kapangidwe ka Spine-Leaf kali ndi zofooka zina:
Vuto limodzi ndilakuti chiwerengero cha ma switch chimawonjezera kukula kwa netiweki. Deta ya kapangidwe ka netiweki ya leaf ridge iyenera kuwonjezera ma switch ndi zida za netiweki molingana ndi chiwerengero cha makasitomala. Pamene chiwerengero cha ma host chikuwonjezeka, ma switch ambiri a leaf amafunika kuti agwirizane ndi switch ya ridge.
Kulumikizana mwachindunji kwa ma switch a ridge ndi leaf kumafuna kufananiza, ndipo kawirikawiri, chiŵerengero choyenera cha bandwidth pakati pa ma switch a leaf ndi ridge sichingapitirire 3:1.
Mwachitsanzo, pali makasitomala 48 a 10Gbps omwe ali ndi mphamvu yonse ya doko ya 480Gb/s. Ngati ma doko anayi a 40G uplink a switch iliyonse ya leaf alumikizidwa ku switch ya 40G ridge, idzakhala ndi mphamvu ya uplink ya 160Gb/s. Chiŵerengero chake ndi 480:160, kapena 3:1. Ma uplink a data center nthawi zambiri amakhala 40G kapena 100G ndipo amatha kusamutsidwa pakapita nthawi kuchokera pomwe 40G (Nx 40G) imayambika kupita ku 100G (Nx 100G). Ndikofunikira kudziwa kuti uplink iyenera kugwira ntchito mwachangu kuposa downlink kuti isatseke doko.
Ma network a Spine-Leaf alinso ndi zofunikira zomveka bwino pa waya. Chifukwa chakuti tsamba lililonse liyenera kulumikizidwa ku switch iliyonse ya spine, tifunika kuyika zingwe zambiri zamkuwa kapena fiber optic. Mtunda wa cholumikiziracho umakweza mtengo. Kutengera mtunda pakati pa ma switch olumikizidwa, kuchuluka kwa ma module apamwamba opangidwa ndi Spine-Leaf ndi okwera kakhumi kuposa kapangidwe kachikhalidwe ka magawo atatu, zomwe zimawonjezera mtengo wonse wogwiritsidwa ntchito. Komabe, izi zapangitsa kuti msika wa ma module opangidwa ndi kuwala ukule, makamaka ma module opangidwa ndi kuwala othamanga kwambiri monga 100G ndi 400G.
Nthawi yotumizira: Januwale-26-2026
